If you bought or leased a new or used vehicle in Bell Gardens that has repeated defects interfering with its use, value, or safety, California lemon law may protect your rights. Law Republic APC assists drivers throughout Bell Gardens and Los Angeles County with claims against manufacturers and dealerships. Our firm handles lemon law claims alongside personal injury and real estate matters, and we know how these defects affect daily life and finances. Call 818-532-5323 to discuss your situation and learn whether your vehicle’s repair history and symptoms may meet the state’s criteria for a lemon law claim.
Navigating a lemon law claim can be confusing for vehicle owners in Bell Gardens. You may be facing repeated trips to the repair shop, mounting repair bills, or ongoing safety concerns. Understanding your rights under California law helps you decide whether to demand a refund, replacement, or settlement. This guide explains common definitions, the steps manufacturers must take, what documentation matters, and how a dedicated attorney can pursue a fair outcome. We aim to make the process clear so you can protect your time and finances while seeking resolution for a defective vehicle in Bell Gardens, California.
When a vehicle repeatedly fails despite multiple repair attempts, it not only causes frustration but can create safety risks and unexpected expenses. Pursuing a lemon law claim in Bell Gardens helps owners recover the value of the vehicle, obtain a replacement, or secure other remedies permitted by California law. Representation can also shift negotiation pressure onto the manufacturer, help preserve warranty rights, and improve the chances of timely resolution. For many owners, professional assistance leads to faster settlements and more favorable financial outcomes than negotiating alone with a manufacturer’s claims department.
Law Republic APC handles a range of consumer protection and civil matters for clients in Bell Gardens and across Los Angeles County. Our attorneys concentrate on negotiating with manufacturers, preparing demand packages, and, when necessary, pursuing litigation to enforce vehicle owner rights under California lemon law. We combine careful documentation review with a practical strategy aimed at achieving a fair resolution while minimizing disruption to your schedule. Clients appreciate our clear communication, proactive case management, and commitment to advancing each claim efficiently and professionally.
California’s lemon law provides statutory protections when a new or demonstrably defective used vehicle cannot be repaired to conform to warranty standards after a reasonable number of attempts. The law covers many consumer vehicles, including cars, trucks, SUVs, and some recreational vehicles, provided certain purchase, warranty, and defect timelines are met. For Bell Gardens residents, the key is compiling detailed repair records, service invoices, and any manufacturer communications that show the defect persisted despite repairs. Those records form the basis of a demand for repurchase, replacement, or a cash settlement under state law.
Not every mechanical issue qualifies for lemon law relief, and multiple factors determine eligibility. Important considerations include whether the vehicle is still under warranty, the total number of repair attempts for the same issue, whether a safety-related defect was present, and the overall pattern of failure. Dealers and manufacturers may attempt to deny claims or offer low settlements, which is why understanding the procedural steps and documentation requirements matters. Local counsel familiar with Bell Gardens and Los Angeles County practices can assess your records and advise on likely outcomes and timing.
Under California law, a vehicle may be considered a lemon when it has a substantial defect covered by the manufacturer’s warranty that is not repaired after a reasonable number of attempts. The defect must impair the vehicle’s use, value, or safety, and consumers must generally allow the dealer or manufacturer a fair opportunity to repair the problem. Documentation that tracks visits to repair facilities, descriptions of recurring symptoms, and any communications with the manufacturer is essential. These records help establish the pattern and severity of failures necessary to pursue a lemon law claim in Bell Gardens and throughout the state.
A successful lemon law claim typically rests on several elements: proof the vehicle was purchased or leased for personal use in California, evidence the defect is covered by warranty, records showing repeated repair attempts, and documentation of the defect’s impact on use, safety, or value. The process often begins with a demand to the manufacturer for repurchase or replacement, supported by repair logs and repair shop statements. If negotiations fail, a lawsuit may be necessary. Throughout, clear, chronological documentation and timely responses to manufacturer inquiries will strengthen your position in any settlement discussion or litigation.
Understanding common terms helps vehicle owners in Bell Gardens navigate claims. Terms such as warranty, reasonable number of repair attempts, nonconformity, repurchase, and replacement often appear in correspondence with manufacturers. Knowing what these words mean in practical terms helps you gather the right documents and communicate effectively with repair shops and the manufacturer. This glossary provides plain-language definitions and examples so that you can build a clear record of the vehicle’s history and be prepared for negotiations or legal proceedings that seek a fair remedy for ongoing defects.
A warranty is a manufacturer’s or dealer’s promise to repair or remedy defects that arise within a specified period or mileage after purchase. Warranties may be express, written agreements included with the purchase, or implied by law in some cases. For lemon law purposes in California, the existence and terms of the warranty influence what defects the manufacturer must address and the time frame for coverage. Keep copies of warranty documents, service contracts, and any extended warranty information, since these materials are central to establishing whether a repair obligation exists and whether the defect is covered.
Repurchase, often called a buyback, is a remedy where the manufacturer is required to reimburse the consumer for the vehicle’s purchase price minus a reasonable usage offset. This remedy commonly applies when a vehicle has had repeated failures and cannot be repaired to a reliable operating condition. The amount refunded may account for mileage and use, but it should fairly reflect what the consumer paid and any trade-in or financing arrangements. Proper calculation and supporting documents are necessary to ensure the repurchase amount accurately compensates the owner for the defective vehicle.
A nonconformity is any defect or condition that prevents the vehicle from conforming to the express terms of its warranty or from performing as a reasonable consumer would expect. Nonconformities can range from powertrain failures to persistent electrical issues, and importantly, they must be covered by warranty to trigger lemon law protections. Documenting the symptoms, how they affect the vehicle, and the repair shop’s attempts to correct them helps demonstrate that a nonconformity exists and has not been adequately remedied despite repeated efforts.
A reasonable number of repair attempts refers to the number of times a dealer or manufacturer must attempt to fix a covered defect before the consumer may seek lemon law remedies. California does not set a strict numeric threshold for every case, but common guidelines include multiple attempts for the same issue or a single repair attempt for a severe safety defect that continues to pose a risk. The specific context, repair records, communications, and severity of the defect all factor into whether courts or arbitrators will find the manufacturer had a fair chance to fix the problem.
Vehicle owners in Bell Gardens may resolve disputes through direct negotiation with the manufacturer, binding or nonbinding arbitration, or court litigation. Negotiation can be faster and less formal, but manufacturers often push for low settlements. Arbitration offers a structured forum with an arbitrator deciding the dispute, sometimes faster than court but with limited appeal options. Litigation involves filing a lawsuit and may take longer, but it can secure stronger remedies and a thorough review of evidence. A careful assessment of case strength, desired remedy, and timelines helps determine the best path forward for each owner.
Limited negotiation may be appropriate when the defect is minor, repaired quickly, and does not reappear. If repair records show a single, isolated visit with prompt and successful resolution, pursuing formal lemon law remedies might be unnecessary. In these situations, direct communication with the dealer or manufacturer to request reimbursement for repair costs or a goodwill adjustment can resolve the matter efficiently. Document all repairs and communications so you can escalate if the issue recurs or if the manufacturer fails to respond reasonably to a reimbursement request.
A limited approach can also work when the manufacturer promptly acknowledges the problem and offers a fair, documented settlement that compensates for repair costs or reduces the owner’s losses. If the offer includes clear terms for reimbursement or repair and matches what the owner reasonably expects, accepting can save time and legal expenses. Keep in mind that any offer should be evaluated against the full history of repairs and the vehicle’s ongoing operational reliability. Written agreements should be reviewed to confirm they fully resolve the issue and protect future warranty rights.
Comprehensive legal action is often necessary when a vehicle has repeated failures that affect safety, reliability, or resale value. When defects persist despite multiple repair attempts and the manufacturer resists repurchase or replacement, pursuing a formal claim protects the owner’s rights. A full approach includes compiling evidence, demanding remedies under California law, and, when required, filing suit to obtain a repurchase or replacement. For Bell Gardens drivers, this route can secure stronger remedies and clarify obligations for manufacturers who refuse reasonable resolution offers.
Complex cases with extensive repair histories, conflicting repair shop reports, or manufacturer denials benefit from a comprehensive legal approach that organizes records, obtains expert opinions when appropriate, and negotiates aggressively on the owner’s behalf. These matters frequently involve warranty interpretation, mileage offsets, and calculations for refunds, all of which require careful documentation and legal argument. For Bell Gardens consumers whose claims involve multiple systems or years of service activity, comprehensive representation improves the chance of a fair settlement or court outcome.
A comprehensive approach to a lemon law claim increases the likelihood of a favorable outcome by ensuring documentation is complete, arguments are well organized, and the manufacturer’s position is thoroughly challenged. This method helps owners recover appropriate compensation, including repurchase or replacement figures that fairly reflect payments and usage, and may include reimbursement for incidental costs. For Bell Gardens vehicle owners, this approach reduces stress by centralizing communications and presenting claims in a structured manner that insurers and manufacturers are more likely to take seriously.
Comprehensive representation also protects owners against undervalued settlement offers and procedural missteps that can reduce recoveries. By preparing formal demands, calculating mileage offsets, and documenting repair timelines, a full strategy clarifies expectations and sets a firm negotiation baseline. When litigation becomes necessary, the groundwork established during the comprehensive phase streamlines courtroom preparations and preserves evidence. The overall effect is a clearer path to resolution and a greater chance of recovering financial compensation or vehicle replacement in line with California lemon law standards.
Comprehensive cases emphasize thorough documentation, including service orders, repair invoices, parts receipts, and written descriptions of symptoms. Presenting a clear chronology of problems helps demonstrate the persistence and severity of defects. Well-structured case files support demands for repurchase or replacement and are persuasive in arbitration or court. For Bell Gardens clients, this means the full story of the vehicle’s failures is visible to manufacturers and decision-makers, reducing common delays and disputes over factual history.
A comprehensive approach boosts negotiation leverage by framing a claim with clear legal and factual support, making it harder for manufacturers to offer low settlements. Accurate calculations of refunds and mileage offsets, combined with documented repair histories, encourage manufacturers to engage in meaningful discussions rather than dismiss claims. For Bell Gardens vehicle owners, this often leads to faster, more equitable resolutions that reflect the true cost and inconvenience of a defective vehicle, whether through monetary compensation or vehicle replacement.
Keep detailed records of every repair visit, including dates, repair shop names, the technician’s notes, and any invoices or work orders. Photographs of the vehicle defect, email threads with the dealer or manufacturer, and written statements about intermittent symptoms strengthen your claim. Accurate documentation establishes the frequency and persistence of the problem, which is essential under California’s lemon law standards. Maintaining an organized file saves time during negotiations and helps your legal team present a clear case if formal action becomes necessary.
Early assessment of your repair history and warranty status helps determine whether a lemon law claim is likely to succeed. Gathering documents and receiving an initial evaluation allows you to make informed decisions about pursuing a repurchase, replacement, or settlement. An early review can also identify missing evidence and guide steps to strengthen your position, such as obtaining mechanic statements or additional diagnostic testing. Acting sooner rather than later protects time-sensitive rights and may shorten the path to a satisfactory outcome for Bell Gardens owners.
Many vehicle owners turn to lemon law protections after experiencing recurring mechanical problems that reduce safety, reliability, or resale value. If your vehicle has had multiple repair visits for the same defect, or if the manufacturer has declined appropriate remedies, pursuing a claim can secure a refund or replacement. For residents of Bell Gardens, the inconvenience of repeated repairs can disrupt work and family life. Legal assistance helps organize records, pursue fair compensation, and hold manufacturers accountable for covered defects under California law.
Another reason to consider professional assistance is the complexity of calculating refunds, mileage offsets, and incidental costs associated with a defective vehicle. Dealers and manufacturers sometimes offer settlements that understate the consumer’s losses. An organized claim presentation clarifies financial impacts and strengthens bargaining power. Whether you aim for repurchase, replacement, or financial compensation, advice tailored to California lemon law improves the chances of receiving a resolution that appropriately reflects what you paid and the inconvenience you endured.
Common circumstances include persistent engine or transmission failures, recurring electrical problems that affect essential systems, ongoing brake or steering defects, and other issues that repeatedly affect vehicle performance. Vehicles that spend a long cumulative time in the shop, suffer from repeated safety-related malfunctions, or show patterns of failure shortly after purchase often qualify for lemon law remedies. Documenting the timeline and severity of these problems is essential when seeking repurchase, replacement, or compensation under California law.
When you return to the dealer multiple times for the same issue and repairs fail to correct the problem, the situation may meet the state’s threshold for a lemon law claim. Maintaining a chronological record of visits, repair orders, and any diagnostic codes or parts replaced helps establish the defect’s persistence. This documentation forms the core of a demand package seeking repurchase or replacement, showing that the manufacturer had multiple opportunities to fix the vehicle but the defect continued to impede safe and reliable operation.
Safety-related failures such as brake, steering, or airbag malfunctions that continue after repair attempts deserve immediate attention and may support lemon law remedies. If a repair did not remedy a safety concern, owners should document the repair attempts and seek a timely assessment of their rights. Safety defects often weigh heavily in claims because they pose immediate risks to drivers and passengers. Collecting repair reports and any inspection results that confirm unresolved safety problems is critical when presenting a case to a manufacturer or tribunal.
When a vehicle spends an excessive amount of cumulative time in the shop for warranty-covered problems, owners can argue the vehicle is effectively out of service and thus eligible for lemon law remedies. Capturing dates and times for each repair visit, the nature of the repairs, and any statements from mechanics helps quantify the disruption and supports claims for repurchase or replacement. For Bell Gardens drivers, frequent downtime can affect daily routines and work, making timely resolution an important component of any recovery.
If your vehicle in Bell Gardens shows repeated defects or persistent safety issues, Law Republic APC can help you evaluate whether California lemon law protections apply. We review repair records, warranty documents, and communication with the manufacturer to advise on your options. Our approach emphasizes clear guidance, prompt communication, and strategic action designed to secure a fair outcome. Contact us at 818-532-5323 to arrange a review of your case and learn how to move forward with documentation collection and formal demand preparation if appropriate.
Law Republic APC brings focused attention to lemon law matters for clients in Bell Gardens and throughout Los Angeles County. We prioritize prompt case review, careful organization of repair histories, and direct negotiation with manufacturers to pursue fair solutions. Our attorneys manage communications, prepare demand letters, and, when necessary, file suit to protect client rights. Clients value transparent case updates and practical strategies that aim to resolve disputes efficiently while seeking full compensation for defective vehicles and associated costs.
From the moment you contact our office, we work to assemble a complete record of repair visits, warranties, and correspondence so that your claim is presented clearly and persuasively. We also help calculate refund amounts, account for mileage offsets, and document incidental expenses related to repeated repairs. Our goal is to minimize the stress of the process by handling the procedural and negotiation tasks while you focus on daily responsibilities, knowing your case is being advanced with care and diligence.
Clients pursuing lemon law claims in Bell Gardens benefit from local knowledge of how manufacturers and dealers operate in Los Angeles County and a practical approach to resolving disputes. While every case is unique, our firm focuses on identifying the strongest remedies available under California law and pursuing them with a clear plan. We communicate rights, risks, and realistic timelines so you can make informed decisions about settlement offers, arbitration, or litigation pathways.
Our process begins with a thorough review of repair records, warranty coverage, and communications with the dealer and manufacturer. We assemble a chronology of problems, confirm coverage under California law, and advise on the strength of potential remedies. If the case merits action, we prepare a formal demand letter that outlines the defects, repair attempts, and requested remedy. We then negotiate with the manufacturer and, if necessary, pursue arbitration or litigation to secure the appropriate outcome. Throughout, we keep Bell Gardens clients informed about strategy and progress.
The first step is gathering all relevant documents such as purchase or lease agreements, warranty information, repair invoices, and any communications with the dealer or manufacturer. This documentation forms the factual backbone of your claim and allows us to assess eligibility under California lemon law. We also record details about how defects affect daily use and safety. A complete file enables efficient evaluation and prepares us to present a persuasive demand when seeking repurchase, replacement, or compensation for the defective vehicle.
We carefully review every repair order and warranty statement to identify patterns and confirm whether the defects are covered. Examining technician notes, parts replaced, and diagnostic codes helps show whether the manufacturer had repeated opportunities to fix the problem. This stage also includes confirming purchase dates and warranty terms to ensure statutory requirements are met. A clear, organized timeline improves the chance of a favorable negotiation or arbitration outcome by demonstrating the persistence and severity of the defect.
Documenting how the defect affects vehicle use and safety includes written descriptions from the owner, repair shop observations, and any inspection findings. We collect statements about when and how the defect appears, trips to the repair shop, and time spent without the vehicle. This evidence demonstrates the real-world consequences of the defect and supports requests for repurchase or replacement. Establishing the effect on daily life and safety is a critical part of presenting a persuasive claim to manufacturers or decision-makers.
Once documentation is compiled, we prepare a formal demand letter to the manufacturer outlining the defects, repair attempts, and the requested remedy under California law. The demand includes a clear calculation of the refund or replacement sought and the supporting evidence. We then negotiate with the manufacturer’s claims department, seeking an equitable resolution while preserving legal options if talks stall. Many cases settle at this stage, but we remain prepared to pursue arbitration or court action if necessary to protect your rights.
A persuasive demand package organizes repair records, invoices, correspondence, and a clear timeline that conveys the scope and persistence of the defect. We include calculations for repurchase or replacement and any incidental expenses that should be reimbursed. By presenting a well-supported demand, we encourage manufacturers to negotiate in good faith and reduce the likelihood of prolonged disputes. The goal is to secure a fair settlement that reflects the disruption and costs borne by the Bell Gardens vehicle owner.
Negotiation involves direct communication with manufacturer claims representatives, responding to inquiries, and countering low offers with clear evidence and legal arguments. We advocate for remedies that align with California lemon law standards and press for timely resolution. If the manufacturer proposes a settlement, we evaluate its fairness relative to documented losses and confirm terms in writing. Effective negotiation minimizes delay and often yields better financial outcomes than accepting an initial offer without legal review.
If negotiation does not produce a fair resolution, arbitration or litigation may be necessary to enforce lemon law rights. Arbitration is sometimes required by warranty agreements and offers a neutral forum for dispute resolution. Litigation in court may be appropriate when broader remedies or a formal judicial determination is needed. In either forum, the documentation prepared during earlier stages is critical. We file claims, present evidence, and advocate for remedies such as repurchase, replacement, or monetary compensation consistent with California law.
Arbitration requires preparing a concise presentation of evidence and legal arguments tailored to the arbitrator’s procedures. We submit documentary evidence, witness statements, and repair records to support your claim and argue for the requested remedy. Understanding the rules and deadlines of arbitration forums is essential to preserving rights and maximizing the chance of a favorable decision. We use the organized case file to present the factual narrative clearly and persuasively to the arbitrator.
When litigation is necessary, we prepare and file a complaint in the appropriate California court, proceed through discovery, and present evidence at trial if required. Litigation may produce stronger remedies and gives a full opportunity to test the manufacturer’s defenses. While court processes take longer, thorough preparation and focused legal argument can yield satisfactory outcomes. Throughout litigation, we keep you informed about timelines, potential costs, and strategic decisions needed to pursue the best possible resolution for your case.
A vehicle may be considered a lemon in California when it has a substantial defect covered by the manufacturer’s warranty that impairs its use, value, or safety and remains unresolved after a reasonable number of repair attempts. Important factors include the warranty terms, the timing of defects relative to purchase or lease, and the repair history showing repeated attempts to remedy the same problem. Clear documentation of repairs, invoices, and communications with the dealer or manufacturer strengthens any lemon law claim. If you suspect your vehicle is a lemon, gather all repair orders, receipts, and warranty documents and contact an attorney for an assessment. Local counsel can evaluate whether your vehicle’s history meets the statutory criteria and advise on next steps such as preparing a demand, negotiating with the manufacturer, or pursuing arbitration or litigation when necessary.
California does not prescribe a single numeric threshold for all lemon law cases; instead, courts consider the nature of the defect and the repair history. Multiple repair attempts for the same issue or a single failed repair for a serious safety defect often support a claim. The specific facts, such as whether the defect affects safety and how many days the vehicle was out of service, are relevant when assessing whether a reasonable number of repair attempts occurred. Because each case is fact-dependent, reviewing repair records and warranty coverage is important to determine timing and strategy. An early review will indicate whether additional documentation or medical or mechanic statements would help establish that the manufacturer had a fair opportunity to repair the defect.
Yes, one potential remedy under California’s lemon law is repurchase, often called a buyback, where the manufacturer reimburses the consumer for the vehicle’s purchase price minus a reasonable usage offset. The refund calculation typically accounts for mileage and use, and it should include deductible or down payment adjustments. Consumers may also be entitled to replacement vehicles or cash settlements depending on the case facts and negotiations. It is important to review settlement offers carefully to ensure they fairly compensate for the vehicle’s defects and any incidental expenses. Legal counsel can assist in calculating refunds, negotiating with manufacturers, and confirming that settlement terms fully resolve the claim and protect the owner’s rights.
Lemon law protections can apply to both new and certain used or leased vehicles, depending on warranty coverage and the timing of defects. Used vehicles that were sold with a manufacturer or dealer warranty may be eligible if the defect occurred during the warranty period and the vehicle meets other statutory criteria. Leaseholders frequently have similar rights to purchasers because the leaseholder is the consumer using the vehicle under warranty terms. Documentation is especially important for used or leased vehicles. Keep copies of the purchase or lease agreement, warranty statements, and repair records to show coverage and the timeline of defects. An early case review helps determine if the vehicle’s status and repair history qualify it for lemon law remedies.
For an initial consultation, bring the purchase or lease agreement, the vehicle title or registration, warranty documentation, service and repair invoices, and any correspondence with the dealer or manufacturer. A timeline of symptoms, dates of repair visits, and descriptions of how the defect affects driving or safety will help the attorney evaluate your claim efficiently. Photographs or diagnostic reports are also useful if available. Organizing this information before the consultation accelerates case assessment and enables focused advice about likely remedies and next steps. If you have loan or lease payoff information, bring that too, since it factors into calculations for repurchase or replacement offers.
Pursuing a lemon law claim generally does not directly affect your credit, because the dispute concerns the manufacturer and warranty obligations rather than consumer credit obligations. However, unresolved financial issues related to loan payments or repossession risk could affect credit if the dispute leads to missed payments. Keeping lenders informed and seeking agreements for payment accommodation while a lemon law claim proceeds can help protect credit standing. Warranty status is typically preserved when pursuing a claim because the goal is to enforce the manufacturer’s obligations. If you accept a settlement or repurchase, be sure the agreement confirms the termination or replacement of warranty terms so you understand any future coverage implications.
The timeline for a lemon law case varies according to the complexity of the repairs, the manufacturer’s responsiveness, and whether arbitration or litigation is needed. Many cases resolve during negotiation within a few months if the documentation is thorough and the manufacturer is willing to settle. Cases requiring arbitration or court proceedings may take several months to over a year depending on the forum and case backlog. Early, organized documentation and proactive negotiation often shorten the process. If litigation becomes necessary, steps like discovery and trial scheduling affect timing, but careful preparation can help keep the matter as efficient as possible while protecting the consumer’s rights.
Yes, in some cases the manufacturer may offer to repair the vehicle further rather than repurchasing or replacing it. If repairs are likely to produce a reliable, safe vehicle and the issue can be resolved within a reasonable timeframe, further repairs may be acceptable. However, repeated unsuccessful repairs for the same defect indicate that a repair-only approach is unlikely to be sufficient and may justify seeking repurchase or replacement under California law. If the manufacturer proposes additional repairs, document the plan in writing, including timelines and guarantees, and evaluate whether it addresses the recurring problem. Legal counsel can help assess whether the proposed repairs are reasonable or whether pursuing a lemon law remedy is a better course.
Manufacturer goodwill repairs are voluntary repairs offered outside warranty obligations and can sometimes resolve consumer concerns. While they may fix an immediate issue, goodwill repairs do not necessarily affect a lemon law claim unless they are documented and show that the defect has been permanently corrected. Consumers should document any goodwill repairs and keep the related records, as they may be relevant in negotiations or in evaluating whether further legal action remains necessary. If the defect recurs after a goodwill repair, that history still supports a claim that the manufacturer failed to provide a lasting remedy. Discussing goodwill repairs with counsel helps determine whether accepting such an offer makes sense or whether pursuing statutory remedies is advisable.
Refund calculations for a repurchase typically start with the vehicle’s purchase price, including taxes and certain fees, minus a reasonable usage offset based on mileage at the time of demand or repurchase. The offset compensates the manufacturer for the consumer’s use of the vehicle prior to repurchase. Additional amounts for incidental repairs, towing, or rental expenses that were necessary because of the defective condition may sometimes be recoverable as well. Precise calculations depend on case specifics and applicable formulas under California law, so having the purchase contract, payoff statements, and mileage records is essential. Legal counsel can prepare the calculation, verify it against settlement offers, and negotiate to ensure the refund accurately reflects the owner’s losses and usage.
