Related links within this hierarchy

Comprehensive Guide to Wrongful Death Claims in La Habra Heights

Losing a loved one unexpectedly in La Habra Heights is devastating, and navigating the legal options at such a time can feel overwhelming. This guide explains wrongful death claims in clear terms, focusing on the laws and practical steps families in La Habra Heights and Los Angeles County can take to seek accountability and compensation. Law Republic APC represents families in personal injury and wrongful death matters across California, offering compassionate guidance and careful attention to evidentiary needs, timelines, and the types of recovery that may be available under state law and local court procedures.

When a family is coping with loss, understanding what to expect from a wrongful death claim can help restore a measure of control. This section outlines how wrongful death actions proceed in California courts, what kinds of damages survivors may pursue, and common timelines for investigation and filing. Law Republic APC provides a supportive process for La Habra Heights families, including help with gathering documentation, working with investigators, communicating with insurers, and preparing demands or court pleadings when necessary to pursue fair outcomes and closure for the affected household.

Why a Wrongful Death Claim Matters for La Habra Heights Families

Filing a wrongful death claim does more than seek monetary recovery; it gives families a formal avenue to hold responsible parties accountable and secure resources needed to address funeral costs, lost income, and future financial needs. For residents of La Habra Heights, bringing a claim can also help document the facts of the incident, preserve key evidence, and create an official record that may prevent similar events in the community. Working through a wrongful death action allows survivors to pursue justice, support dependents, and seek the financial stability necessary to move forward after an unexpected loss.

About Law Republic APC and Our Approach to Wrongful Death Cases

Law Republic APC serves clients throughout Los Angeles County, including La Habra Heights, handling personal injury, wrongful death, real estate, and lemon law matters. Our team focuses on meticulous case preparation, from early evidence collection to negotiating with insurers and litigating when settlement is inadequate. We prioritize clear communication, regular updates, and practical strategies tailored to each family’s needs, including financial assessment, witness interviews, and coordination with medical and accident reconstruction professionals when needed to build a persuasive claim for compensation and accountability.

Understanding Wrongful Death Claims in California and La Habra Heights

A wrongful death claim arises when a person’s death is caused by the negligence, recklessness, or intentional act of another party. In California, eligible survivors—such as spouses, domestic partners, children, and sometimes other dependents—can bring a civil action to recover damages. For families in La Habra Heights, it is important to understand the statute of limitations, the types of damages available, and how wrongful death claims differ from criminal prosecutions. Civil claims focus on compensation for losses, and timely investigation is necessary to preserve evidence and identify liable parties.

The elements of a wrongful death claim typically require showing that the defendant owed a duty of care, breached that duty, and that the breach proximately caused the decedent’s death resulting in measurable losses to survivors. Damages may include loss of financial support, loss of companionship, funeral and burial expenses, and loss of household services. Families in La Habra Heights should also consider potential multiple defendants, insurance coverage limits, and how pre-litigation negotiations or formal court filings can affect the timing and outcome of recovery efforts.

Defining Wrongful Death and How Claims Work

Wrongful death is a legal claim brought when a person dies because of another’s negligent, reckless, or intentional conduct. The claim allows certain survivors to seek monetary compensation for the financial and emotional effects of the loss. In practice, this means proving the responsible party’s actions fell below the expected standard of care and directly caused the death. For La Habra Heights families, that investigation often includes reviewing medical records, accident reports, witness statements, and property or vehicle evidence to establish causation and quantify the losses that survivors have sustained as a result of the decedent’s passing.

Key Elements and Common Processes in Wrongful Death Cases

Successful wrongful death claims generally require gathering documentation of the decedent’s earnings and contributions, medical and funeral bills, and evidence showing how the defendant’s conduct caused the fatal injury. Common processes include early case evaluation, evidence preservation, engagement with experts when needed, settlement negotiations, and litigation if agreement cannot be reached. In La Habra Heights, timely reporting to authorities, preserving accident scenes when possible, and compiling witness contact information are essential steps that support a robust claim and improve the prospects for fair compensation for the grieving family.

Key Terms and Glossary for Wrongful Death Matters

Understanding legal terminology can make a wrongful death case less intimidating. This glossary highlights frequently used terms such as ‘survivors,’ ‘damages,’ ‘proximate cause,’ and ‘statute of limitations,’ and explains how they apply to claims in California courts. For families in La Habra Heights, familiarizing themselves with these concepts helps during discussions with counsel and when reviewing settlement offers. Clear definitions assist in recognizing the types of evidence that matter most and how legal deadlines and procedures can affect the progress and outcome of a claim.

Survivors and Who May File a Claim

In California wrongful death law, ‘survivors’ are the persons who may bring a civil claim after a decedent’s death, typically including the spouse or domestic partner and children. If there is no spouse or child, other dependents or heirs may bring a claim under certain circumstances. For La Habra Heights residents, determining who has standing to sue is an early and important question, and it affects how damages are calculated and distributed among heirs. An attorney can help identify eligible parties and explain how local probate or family circumstances may influence claimants’ rights.

Types of Damages Recoverable

Damages in wrongful death cases can include economic losses like lost wages and medical expenses, as well as non-economic losses such as loss of companionship and emotional support. Funeral and burial costs are also commonly recoverable. In La Habra Heights claims, courts and insurers assess evidence of the decedent’s earnings, anticipated future contributions, and the emotional impact on survivors to determine compensation. Proper documentation and careful valuation of these losses are necessary to present a persuasive claim and seek an award that addresses both financial and personal harms.

Statute of Limitations

The statute of limitations sets the deadline for filing a wrongful death lawsuit and varies by jurisdiction and circumstances. In California most wrongful death claims must be filed within two years of the date of death, though exceptions can apply depending on discovery rules or governmental defendant involvement. For families in La Habra Heights, early consultation and prompt investigation are vital to ensure that evidence is preserved and deadlines are met. Missing the filing deadline can bar the claim, so timely legal action is an essential step in protecting survivors’ rights.

Proximate Cause and Liability

Proximate cause refers to the connection between the defendant’s conduct and the decedent’s death, requiring proof that the conduct was a substantial factor in bringing about the fatal injury. Liability may attach to individuals, corporations, property owners, or government entities depending on the circumstances. For incidents in La Habra Heights, establishing proximate cause often relies on accident reconstruction, medical testimony, and factual records. Demonstrating this causal link is critical to recovering damages and holding the responsible parties accountable under civil law.

Comparing Legal Options After a Wrongful Death in La Habra Heights

Families considering their options after a fatal incident should weigh pursuing a civil wrongful death claim against other routes such as insurance claims or seeking administrative remedies. Civil claims offer a means to pursue comprehensive compensation for both economic and non-economic losses, while insurance negotiations may resolve some costs more quickly but for less total recovery. Criminal cases, when applicable, are separate and focus on punishment. For La Habra Heights residents, evaluating the strengths and limitations of each approach helps guide decisions about investigation, negotiation, and whether to file a lawsuit to secure the full range of available remedies.

When a Limited Approach May Be Appropriate:

Small or Clearly Documented Expenses

A limited approach focused on insurance claims and itemized expense recovery can be appropriate when the losses are primarily immediate and well documented, such as funeral costs and short-term medical bills. In such cases, families in La Habra Heights may resolve matters with insurers without initiating full-scale litigation. This route can save time and reduce emotional strain when liability is not in serious dispute, coverage is sufficient, and the family’s primary need is to address direct out-of-pocket expenses quickly while avoiding a prolonged legal process.

Cooperative Insurers and Clear Liability

When the at-fault party and their insurer accept responsibility and offer reasonable compensation for documented losses, pursuing a limited insurance resolution may make sense. For La Habra Heights families, a streamlined claim can provide prompt funds to cover immediate needs and reduce litigation costs. However, it is important to ensure that the offered amounts consider all foreseeable losses. Consulting with counsel before accepting settlements helps confirm whether the proposed resolution adequately addresses long-term financial effects and the intangible losses suffered by survivors.

When a Full Wrongful Death Claim Is Advisable:

Complex Liability or Multiple Parties

A comprehensive wrongful death action is often necessary when liability is contested, multiple parties may share fault, or insurance limits are insufficient to cover the full scope of damages. In such situations, families in La Habra Heights benefit from a thorough investigation, coordinated evidence collection, and strategic litigation planning. These efforts can identify all potentially responsible parties, pursue additional sources of recovery, and ensure that damages for lost income and companionship are fully articulated and supported for negotiation or trial.

Significant Long-Term Financial and Personal Losses

When the decedent provided substantial financial support, parental care, or household services, a comprehensive claim is important to properly value future losses and present those claims persuasively to insurers or a jury. La Habra Heights families facing long-term economic impacts should consider full legal representation to calculate future earning capacity, project benefits and support loss, and document non-economic harms such as loss of guidance or companionship. This thorough approach helps ensure survivors pursue a recovery aligned with their long-term needs.

Benefits of a Comprehensive Wrongful Death Approach

A comprehensive approach to wrongful death claims provides a detailed investigation, meticulous documentation of damages, and strategic negotiation or litigation as needed to maximize recovery. For La Habra Heights families, this can mean developing strong evidence of liability, coordinating with medical and economic professionals to quantify losses, and pursuing all available avenues for compensation. Taking a full approach helps protect survivors from accepting premature or inadequate settlements and works to secure funds that address both immediate bills and long-term financial consequences of the loss.

Comprehensive representation also offers continual case management, assistance with communication to insurers and third parties, and support through each procedural milestone. Families in La Habra Heights benefit from having an advocate handle complex legal tasks while they focus on healing and family responsibilities. This enables thorough review of offers, preparation for litigation if necessary, and careful attention to evidence preservation, ensuring that the claim is advanced with the goal of obtaining a fair outcome that reflects both economic realities and the personal impact of the decedent’s loss.

Thorough Evidence Collection and Case Building

Detailed evidence gathering, including witness interviews, accident reconstruction, and medical records review, strengthens a wrongful death claim and clarifies causation and damages. In La Habra Heights cases, early preservation and thorough documentation improve negotiating leverage and trial readiness. Collecting proof of financial contributions, caregiving roles, and projected future earnings helps accurately quantify loss. A methodical case-building process therefore increases the likelihood of an outcome that addresses both the immediate costs and the long-term needs of survivors.

Strategic Negotiation and Litigation Preparedness

Approaching a wrongful death claim with a full strategy makes it possible to negotiate from a position of strength and proceed to litigation when settlement does not fairly compensate survivors. For families in La Habra Heights, having a prepared case signals to insurers that claims are thoroughly supported and ready for court if required. This strategic posture can lead to better settlement offers and increased chances of securing a fair resolution without prolonging the process unnecessarily, while also ensuring readiness to advocate vigorously at trial when needed.

justice
LawRepLogo 1

Practice Areas

Top Searched Keywords

Practical Tips for Navigating a Wrongful Death Claim

Preserve Evidence and Records

Collecting and preserving evidence early can make a critical difference in a wrongful death matter. Keep medical records, police reports, photographs of the scene, witness contact information, and any relevant correspondence with insurers or third parties. For families in La Habra Heights, documenting financial records related to the decedent’s income and household contributions is also important. These records help quantify damages and support claims for both economic and non-economic losses during negotiations or court proceedings, so organizing them promptly will support a stronger case.

Communicate Carefully with Insurers

When insurers contact a family after a fatal incident, it is wise to respond thoughtfully and to avoid giving recorded statements without legal counsel. Initial offers from insurers may not reflect the full scope of losses. Families in La Habra Heights should consider seeking legal advice before accepting settlements or providing detailed statements. Counsel can help evaluate offers, ensure key damages are documented, and negotiate for fairer compensation while protecting survivors’ rights during early interactions with insurance companies.

Seek Timely Legal Guidance

Consulting with a wrongful death attorney early helps preserve claims and ensure deadlines are met. Prompt legal guidance supports evidence collection, identifies liable parties, and assesses available damages. In La Habra Heights, where local procedures and county court timelines apply, early action helps prevent loss of crucial information and strengthens the family’s position for negotiation or litigation. Legal counsel can also coordinate with professionals to evaluate future economic losses and compile documentation needed to pursue fair recovery for survivors.

Reasons La Habra Heights Families Consider a Wrongful Death Action

Families may pursue a wrongful death action to recover funeral and medical expenses, replace lost income, and seek compensation for the loss of care and companionship. In many cases, civil claims provide a mechanism to hold negligent parties accountable and secure resources necessary for surviving dependents. For residents of La Habra Heights, pursuing a claim can also help clarify the circumstances of the incident through formal discovery and create a legal record that supports family needs and planning in the months and years following a death.

Another reason to consider a wrongful death suit is to ensure that insurers and liable parties address the full scope of loss, including projected future needs. Where insurance limits or fault allocation complicate recovery, a civil action can identify additional avenues of recovery and present a comprehensive valuation of damages. Law Republic APC assists La Habra Heights families in evaluating potential recoveries, explaining legal options, and pursuing a path that balances emotional and financial considerations while seeking a fair resolution.

Common Situations That Lead to Wrongful Death Claims in La Habra Heights

Wrongful death claims often arise from motor vehicle collisions, workplace incidents, medical negligence, defective products, and unsafe property conditions. In La Habra Heights, state and county roads, residential areas, and nearby workplaces can all be locations where fatal incidents occur. Each circumstance requires a tailored approach to investigation and liability assessment, including accident reconstruction, medical record review, and identification of responsible parties, all of which influence the potential for recovery and the legal strategy chosen by surviving family members.

Motor Vehicle Collisions

Fatal motor vehicle accidents are a leading source of wrongful death claims, and investigating these incidents often involves collecting police reports, eyewitness accounts, and vehicle damage analyses. For La Habra Heights residents, local road conditions, visibility, and traffic patterns may be relevant. Securing timely evidence such as traffic camera footage and witness statements helps establish fault and causation. A thorough review of driver records, vehicle maintenance, and potential third-party liability are commonly part of building a claim in these cases.

Medical or Healthcare-Related Deaths

Deaths potentially related to medical treatment require careful review of medical records, timelines of care, and standards of care applicable to the treating professionals. For families in La Habra Heights, this may involve coordinating with medical reviewers to determine whether negligent treatment contributed to the death. These cases can be complex, often requiring detailed documentation and expert-informed analysis to demonstrate causation and damages. Timely preservation of records and early legal consultation are important steps in these matters.

Workplace or Premises Safety Failures

Fatal workplace incidents or unsafe premises can give rise to wrongful death claims against employers, property owners, contractors, or manufacturers. Investigations focus on safety compliance, maintenance records, and whether responsible parties failed to follow required protocols. In La Habra Heights, determining whether local conditions or contractor actions contributed to a fatality may involve site inspections, witness interviews, and review of safety logs. These inquiries help establish negligence and identify responsible entities for compensation claims.

e32cb1e5-8af8-420c-8932-5646fcfe3141 (1)-min (1)

We’re Here to Help La Habra Heights Families Move Forward

Law Republic APC offers compassionate support and thorough legal guidance for families facing wrongful death matters in La Habra Heights and surrounding Los Angeles County areas. We aim to relieve practical burdens by handling communications with insurers, gathering evidence, and pursuing appropriate recovery while providing straightforward explanations at every step. Our goal is to help survivors focus on family and healing while we manage the legal and procedural aspects required to seek fair compensation and account for the full scope of losses following a tragic death.

Why Families in La Habra Heights Choose Law Republic APC

Law Republic APC approaches wrongful death cases with careful attention to facts, thoughtful valuation of damages, and persistent representation in negotiations and litigation when needed. For La Habra Heights families, that means a commitment to clear communication, thorough investigation, and pursuing recovery for both economic and non-economic losses. We work to identify all potential sources of liability and insurance coverage to maximize available recovery and to help survivors plan for financial stability after a loss.

Our attorneys take time to explain the legal options available in each case and to develop a course of action aligned with the family’s priorities. That includes assessing whether a settlement will adequately compensate for long-term needs or whether proceeding to court is necessary. Families in La Habra Heights benefit from individualized attention, regular updates, and collaborative case planning designed to address both immediate expenses and longer-term effects of the decedent’s death.

We also coordinate with outside professionals such as medical reviewers, economists, and investigators when a case requires technical analysis to support claims. This collaborative approach ensures that the facts and damages are well-documented and presented persuasively to insurers or a jury. Throughout, our focus is on helping families obtain fair compensation and on managing the legal process with sensitivity to the emotional difficulties that accompany wrongful death matters.

Contact Law Republic APC for a Compassionate Consultation in La Habra Heights

The Legal Process for Wrongful Death Claims at Our Firm

Our process begins with a prompt case review and continues through evidence gathering, valuation of damages, negotiation, and litigation if necessary. For La Habra Heights clients, we start by securing medical records, collecting incident reports, and identifying witnesses. We evaluate potential defendants and insurance coverage, consult with required professionals, and prepare a demand or complaint tailored to the case. Throughout the process we keep families informed, explain procedural steps, and aim to resolve claims efficiently while protecting survivors’ legal rights.

Step One: Initial Case Review and Investigation

The initial phase focuses on understanding the incident, identifying liable parties, and preserving evidence. For La Habra Heights matters, we collect police and medical records, photograph scenes when appropriate, and secure witness statements. This phase also includes evaluating the decedent’s financial contributions and compiling immediate expenses. Early investigation preserves critical information and helps shape strategy for settlement negotiations or litigation, ensuring that the claim is presented from a position grounded in well-documented facts and timelines.

Preservation of Evidence and Records

Preserving evidence such as accident scene photographs, surveillance footage, and electronic data is a priority. For incidents near La Habra Heights, this can involve obtaining traffic camera footage, maintenance logs, or employment records. Timely requests prevent loss of key information and strengthen the factual foundation of a claim. Documenting medical treatment and securing bills and receipts also supports damage calculations and provides the factual basis for both settlement discussions and court filings.

Identifying Responsible Parties and Insurance Coverage

Identifying all potentially liable parties and available insurance coverage is essential to determining recovery options. This involves reviewing employer relationships, vehicle ownership, product manufacturers, and property owners. In La Habra Heights cases, multiple entities may share liability, and uncovering additional responsible parties can increase recovery possibilities. Understanding insurance policy limits early helps set realistic expectations and informs whether litigation is likely necessary to secure appropriate compensation.

Step Two: Valuing Damages and Preparing Claims

After initial investigation, we quantify economic and non-economic losses, develop demand materials, and prepare documentation to support the claim. This includes calculating lost earnings, projecting future support, and assessing intangible harms like loss of companionship. For La Habra Heights families, assembling clear economic analyses and supportive narratives increases the likelihood of meaningful settlement offers and positions the case for effective presentation in court if litigation becomes necessary.

Economic Loss Assessment

We analyze the decedent’s earnings, benefits, and household contributions to estimate past and future financial losses. This may include consulting with economic analysts to project future income and benefits. For La Habra Heights clients, a careful economic assessment helps quantify the financial support lost due to the death and grounds damage demands in credible, documented figures that insurers and courts can evaluate fairly.

Documenting Non-Economic Damages

Non-economic damages such as loss of companionship and emotional support are documented through statements from survivors, family histories, and descriptions of the decedent’s role in the household. Gathering these personal accounts is important for conveying the full impact of the loss. In La Habra Heights claims, combining personal testimony with professional assessments provides a comprehensive picture of how the decedent’s absence affects daily life and future family well-being.

Step Three: Negotiation, Litigation, and Resolution

With a prepared case and valuation in hand, we engage with insurers and opposing parties to seek settlement, while remaining ready to litigate if offers are inadequate. Litigation may include filing a complaint, conducting discovery, and presenting evidence at trial. For La Habra Heights families, this step requires active case management, clear communication, and strategic decisions about offers and trial readiness to secure a recovery that addresses both immediate and future needs of survivors.

Settlement Negotiation and Mediation

Negotiations aim to resolve claims without a trial when possible, using documentation and evidence to support settlement demands. Mediation may be employed to facilitate agreement between parties. In La Habra Heights cases, effective negotiation involves presenting a thorough factual record and persuasive damage assessments, which can compel insurers to make reasonable offers. Settlements, when appropriate, allow families to resolve matters confidentially and avoid the time and stress of trial.

If Litigation Is Necessary

If a fair settlement cannot be reached, litigation proceeds through discovery, motions, and trial. This formal process allows for depositions, expert testimony, and presentation of evidence before a judge or jury. For La Habra Heights survivors, litigation is a path to pursue full recovery when negotiations fail, ensuring that claims are adjudicated under the rules of civil procedure and presented with the documentation and testimony necessary to demonstrate liability and damages.

Frequently Asked Questions About Wrongful Death in La Habra Heights

Who can file a wrongful death claim in California?

In California, the right to file a wrongful death claim generally belongs to the decedent’s surviving spouse or domestic partner and children. If there is no spouse or children, other dependents or heirs may have a right to bring an action depending on the facts. Determining who may sue is an early step in the process and can affect how damages are sought and distributed among survivors. For families in La Habra Heights, legal counsel can help identify eligible claimants and advise on statutory rules that govern standing and distribution of recovery. Prompt consultation helps preserve rights and clarify who should be listed as plaintiffs in any civil action.

Recoverable damages in wrongful death cases commonly include economic losses such as lost earnings, medical expenses incurred prior to death, and funeral and burial costs. Non-economic damages may include loss of companionship, guidance, and emotional support. The valuation of these losses depends on documentation of income, family relationships, and the decedent’s role in the household. Families in La Habra Heights should gather records of the decedent’s earnings, bills, and statements about the decedent’s contributions to demonstrate both financial and non-financial effects. Presenting this information effectively supports a claim for fair compensation.

The statute of limitations for most wrongful death claims in California requires filing within two years of the date of death, though certain exceptions may extend or modify that period depending on the circumstances, such as governmental defendants or delayed discovery of cause. Missing the deadline can bar recovery, making timely action essential. For La Habra Heights residents, early legal review helps determine the applicable deadlines and whether any exception might apply, ensuring that evidence is preserved and claims are filed within the required timeframes to protect survivors’ rights.

A wrongful death claim seeks compensation for survivors for losses resulting from a death, while a survival action asserts claims that the decedent could have brought had they lived, such as pain and suffering before death or medical expenses incurred prior to passing. Both types of claims may be pursued in related proceedings, but they address different categories of loss and may be brought by different parties or representatives. In La Habra Heights matters, counsel evaluates which claims are appropriate and structures the filings to capture all recoverable elements of both wrongful death and survival-type losses when applicable.

A criminal conviction can provide useful evidence in a civil wrongful death case since the standards of proof differ between criminal and civil courts. While a criminal conviction is not required for a civil recovery, it can strengthen the civil claim by establishing facts determined in the criminal proceeding. Conversely, the absence of criminal charges does not preclude a civil lawsuit. For La Habra Heights families, pursuing civil remedies remains an important option whether or not criminal proceedings occur, as civil claims focus on compensation and restitution rather than criminal punishment.

Important evidence in wrongful death cases includes medical and autopsy records, police and incident reports, witness statements, photographs or video of the scene, employment and income records, and any product or maintenance documentation when relevant. Timely preservation of this evidence is key to establishing causation and quantifying damages. For La Habra Heights families, collecting these records early and working with counsel to secure additional documentation and expert analysis increases the likelihood of presenting a persuasive claim to insurers or a court.

Many wrongful death claims are resolved through settlement negotiations, mediation, or other alternative dispute resolution methods without a trial. Settling can provide families with timely financial resources and reduce emotional strain. However, settlements should be evaluated carefully to ensure they account for both immediate and long-term losses. In La Habra Heights cases, legal counsel can negotiate on behalf of survivors, assess offers, and advise whether a proposed settlement adequately compensates the family’s full range of damages or whether litigation is warranted to seek a better outcome.

Funeral and burial expenses are commonly recoverable in wrongful death actions as part of the economic damages incurred by the survivors. Documenting receipts, invoices, and related paperwork supports these claims. For La Habra Heights families, compiling this documentation early helps ensure that these costs are included in settlement demands or court pleadings. Counsel can assist in identifying which expenses are recoverable and in presenting a clear record that demonstrates the reasonable costs associated with funeral and burial services.

Witness testimony and expert opinions often play a central role in wrongful death claims, particularly where liability or causation is disputed. Witnesses can provide firsthand accounts of the incident and its aftermath, while experts such as medical reviewers, accident reconstructionists, or economists can analyze technical aspects of the case and quantify damages. For La Habra Heights claims, coordinating witness statements and expert evaluations strengthens case presentation, supports causal links between conduct and death, and aids in placing credible values on economic and non-economic losses.

Law Republic APC helps La Habra Heights families by conducting prompt investigations, preserving evidence, advising on legal options, and pursuing recovery through negotiation or litigation as necessary. We assist with documentation, communication with insurers, and coordination of professional evaluations to support claims. Our approach emphasizes clear explanations of each step and careful preparation to seek fair compensation. Families can call 818-532-5323 to request a consultation and learn how a wrongful death claim might proceed, so they can make informed decisions during a difficult time.

Related links within this hierarchy

Legal Services

Related links within this hierarchy