If your motorcycle purchased or leased in Walnut, California has persistent defects that the manufacturer cannot fix, California’s lemon law may protect your rights. This guide explains how the law applies to motorcycles, the typical steps to make a claim, and what Walnut riders can expect when pursuing a remedy. At Law Republic APC we handle lemon law matters across Los Angeles County and can review whether your motorcycle’s problems meet the legal standards for a buyback or replacement. Call 818-532-5323 for a no-pressure review of your situation and options available under state law.
Many motorcycle owners in Walnut face recurring mechanical failures, electrical faults, or safety-related defects that interfere with normal use and value. When these issues continue after a reasonable number of repair attempts by an authorized dealer, the manufacturer may be required to repurchase or replace the vehicle under California law. This page outlines eligibility criteria, common evidence to gather, and the timeline typical for lemon law claims. Our Walnut-focused content aims to make the process clearer so riders can make informed choices about pursuing relief through legal channels tailored to California motor vehicle protections.
Motorcycle lemon law provides important protections for Walnut residents who purchased or leased vehicles with persistent defects that substantially impair use, safety, or value. Pursuing a claim can recover the purchase price, finance charges, and restitution for diminished value, or obtain a replacement motorcycle where appropriate. Beyond financial recovery, a successful claim can hold manufacturers accountable for recurring defects and encourage better quality control. For Walnut riders, knowing these remedies helps avoid lengthy repair costs, repeated safety risks, and the stress of owning a motorcycle that fails to perform as promised under California law.
Law Republic APC represents individuals in personal injury, real estate, and lemon law matters throughout California, including Walnut and surrounding communities in Los Angeles County. Our approach focuses on clear communication, thorough documentation, and aggressive negotiation with manufacturers and insurers when necessary. We take time to review repair records, warranty documents, and owner experiences to build a persuasive claim. Walnut residents can expect a local perspective on handling motor vehicle disputes and a commitment to pursuing the best possible resolution under state lemon law statutes while keeping clients informed at every stage of the process.
California’s lemon law covers new and certain used vehicles, including motorcycles, when they have substantial defects covered by warranty that remain unresolved after a reasonable number of repair attempts. To qualify, a defect must significantly impair use, value, or safety, and repairs must be attempted by authorized dealers under the manufacturer’s warranty. Riders in Walnut should document dates of service, repair orders, and communications with the dealer or manufacturer to support a claim. Understanding these foundational requirements helps owners determine whether to pursue arbitration, settlement, or a formal claim under state protections.
A successful motorcycle lemon law claim typically relies on establishing the defect’s nature, the number and timing of repair attempts, and the impact on the vehicle’s operation and safety. California law allows for remedies such as vehicle repurchase, replacement, or a cash settlement that compensates for the diminished value and out-of-pocket expenses. Walnut residents should preserve maintenance records, warranty paperwork, and correspondence with the dealer. Early assessment helps identify whether informal resolution is possible or if formal legal action will be necessary to recover fair compensation under the statute.
A motorcycle may qualify as a lemon under California law if it has a substantial defect covered by the manufacturer’s warranty that cannot be repaired after a reasonable number of attempts, or if it is out of service for an extended period for warranty repairs. The defect must affect the motorcycle’s use, safety, or value to the owner. For Walnut riders, proving these elements often involves collecting repair invoices, dealer communications, and evidence of recurring problems to show the defect persists despite authorized repair efforts, meeting the statutory criteria for relief.
A typical claim includes establishing that the motorcycle had a covered defect, documenting repeated repair attempts, and showing the defect substantially impairs use, safety, or value. The process may begin with demand letters or informal negotiation with the manufacturer and can escalate to arbitration or a lawsuit if necessary. Walnut owners should compile repair histories, photos or videos of defects, and any communications that show the manufacturer or dealer was notified. Attorneys can assist with preparing a formal claim, pursuing settlement negotiations, or representing the rider at hearings or trial when needed.
Understanding common terms helps Walnut riders navigate the lemon law process. Key concepts include warranty coverage, substantial impairment, reasonable repair attempts, buyback or replacement remedies, and arbitration. Knowing what each term means in practical terms—how many repairs qualify as reasonable, what remedies the law allows, and how arbitration differs from litigation—enables owners to interact more effectively with dealers and manufacturers. Keep records of all repair efforts and communications to ensure a stronger claim and clearer explanation of how the defect affects daily use and safety.
Warranty coverage refers to the manufacturer’s promises to repair or replace components that are defective within a specified period or mileage. For Walnut riders, warranty documents determine which defects are covered and for how long. Coverage often includes the powertrain and electrical systems, but specific terms vary by manufacturer and model. Knowing the scope and duration of warranty coverage helps owners identify whether repeated problems should be addressed by authorized dealers under the warranty and if those repair attempts support a lemon law claim when defects persist without resolution.
Substantial impairment means the defect significantly affects the motorcycle’s use, safety, or market value. This is a legal standard used in California to determine whether a vehicle qualifies as a lemon. For Walnut riders, examples might include persistent engine failure, transmission problems, or braking issues that make the motorcycle unsafe or unreliable. Proving substantial impairment often requires showing how the defect interferes with normal operation, reduces resale value, or poses risk to the rider, supported by repair records and documentation of incidents related to the defect.
Reasonable repair attempts describe the number of times an authorized dealer must try to fix a covered defect before the manufacturer is liable under the lemon law. While the specific number can vary by case, California recognizes several repair attempts or a certain number of days out of service as indicators. Walnut owners should document each repair visit, what was diagnosed, and whether the problem recurred. This record demonstrates that the defect remained unresolved despite giving the dealer and manufacturer an opportunity to correct it under the warranty.
When a motorcycle qualifies as a lemon, California law typically allows remedies such as repurchasing the motorcycle or replacing it with an equivalent vehicle. A buyback often reimburses the purchase price less a usage fee, covers finance charges, and may include out-of-pocket repair expenses. Replacement provides a comparable motorcycle if available. Walnut riders should understand the potential outcomes and how settlements are calculated. Legal representation can help negotiate terms that fairly reflect the motorcycle’s condition, repair history, and the owner’s financial losses under state law.
Walnut riders have options ranging from informal negotiation with the dealer to filing a formal lemon law claim or pursuing arbitration. A limited approach may work when the defect is minor or the manufacturer offers a prompt, reasonable remedy. A comprehensive claim is appropriate when defects persist despite multiple repairs, or when safety and substantial impairment are present. Choosing between approaches depends on the defect’s severity, repair history, and the manufacturer’s willingness to resolve the issue. Legal guidance helps evaluate which path is likely to secure the best outcome for the owner.
A limited negotiation approach can be effective when the motorcycle’s defect is minor, the manufacturer acknowledges responsibility, and a reliable repair or replacement is offered promptly. In Walnut, if the dealer corrects the issue in a single visit and the motorcycle performs normally afterward, pursuing formal lemon law action may not be necessary. Keep clear documentation of the repair, parts replaced, and any warranties extended. This record helps ensure you receive a lasting solution while avoiding formal proceedings if a fair and speedy manufacturer resolution is achieved.
A limited approach may also be appropriate when a motorcycle shows a short repair history and subsequent visits demonstrate that the defect was resolved. For Walnut owners, confirm the quality of repairs by testing the motorcycle after service and monitoring performance over a reasonable period. Retain invoices and communications so that, if the problem returns, you have evidence to escalate the matter. In those cases, constructive negotiation with the manufacturer can lead to a satisfactory outcome without initiating formal lemon law proceedings.
A comprehensive legal approach is often needed when a motorcycle suffers repeated failures that affect safety or render the vehicle unreliable despite multiple repair attempts. For Walnut riders, issues with brakes, steering, engine, or electrical systems that recur after service visits are indicators that formal action may be necessary. Pursuing a full claim seeks remedies such as repurchase or replacement and can provide compensation for diminished value and associated costs. Proper documentation of each failure and repair attempt strengthens a formal claim under California law.
If the manufacturer is unwilling to address persistent defects satisfactorily, Walnut owners may need to pursue formal lemon law claims or arbitration. When warranty obligations are ignored, delayed, or met with inadequate repairs, legal action can compel compliance or secure monetary recovery. A comprehensive approach includes preparing evidence, evaluating remedies, and negotiating or litigating to achieve a fair outcome. Engaging legal representation can help level the playing field with manufacturers and ensure the owner’s warranty rights under California law are enforced effectively.
Taking a comprehensive approach to a motorcycle lemon law claim can yield more complete remedies, including repurchase or replacement and reimbursement for finance charges and out-of-pocket costs. This path addresses not only the immediate defect but also the broader financial impact of owning a repeatedly defective vehicle. Walnut riders benefit from formal resolutions that can restore financial losses and prevent ongoing safety risks. A thorough claim also creates a documented record that may deter future manufacturer negligence and protect other consumers from similar issues.
Comprehensive claims typically involve careful preparation, negotiation, and, when necessary, arbitration or litigation, which can result in stronger settlements compared with informal negotiations. For Walnut motorcycle owners, this process seeks to fully account for diminished value, repair costs, and inconvenience. Pursuing a full claim ensures legal protections are enforced, provides clearer remedies, and often results in more satisfactory resolutions. Legal assistance can streamline the process and help owners focus on recovery and safety rather than prolonged repair cycles.
One primary benefit of a comprehensive lemon law claim is recovering financial losses related to the defective motorcycle. Remedies under California law often include repurchase or replacement, reimbursement for finance charges, and compensation for out-of-pocket repair expenses. Walnut owners who have spent significant time and money on repeated repairs can seek restitution that reflects the motorcycle’s diminished value and repair history. A thorough claim aims to make the rider whole financially and remove the burden of an unreliable vehicle from the owner’s shoulders.
Aside from financial recovery, a full lemon law resolution seeks to produce a safer and more reliable outcome for the motorcycle owner. For Walnut riders, eliminating persistent defects reduces the risk of accidents or breakdowns caused by unresolved mechanical or electrical problems. When manufacturers are compelled to repurchase or replace a vehicle, owners can transition to a reliably functioning motorcycle or receive fair compensation. This outcome restores confidence in the vehicle’s operation and prevents ongoing safety and reliability concerns.
Keep meticulous records of every dealer visit, including dates, repair orders, diagnostic notes, and parts replaced. For Walnut riders, this documentation is foundational to showing that a defect persisted despite repeated attempts to fix it. Photos or videos of the issue and notes about how the defect affects motorcycle operation strengthen the record. Maintaining a chronological file helps clarify the repair history for the manufacturer, arbitrator, or court and increases the likelihood of a favorable resolution under California’s lemon law framework.
Address recurring defects as soon as they appear and seek an early legal evaluation to understand your options under California law. For Walnut riders, early action preserves evidence and reduces the risk of further damage or lost value. An early review of repair histories and warranty coverage allows for timely arbitration demands or settlement negotiations if the defect meets statutory criteria. Prompt action can also prevent prolonged safety risks and help owners recover faster through repurchase or replacement remedies when appropriate.
Motorcycles with recurring defects can impose ongoing repair costs, safety risks, and diminished resale value, creating a significant burden for owners in Walnut. If repeated repairs fail to correct a covered defect, pursuing lemon law relief can secure a buyback, replacement, or monetary compensation. Considering these remedies helps riders avoid continued losses and regain access to a safe, dependable vehicle. Understanding the statutory protections available and documenting repair history increases the chance of a successful outcome under California law.
Pursuing legal remedies also communicates to manufacturers that unresolved defects cannot be ignored and may prompt broader corrective action for other consumers. Walnut riders who are uncertain whether their situation qualifies for relief can consult to evaluate repair records and warranty coverage. Timely legal evaluation and, if warranted, formal claims or arbitration can lead to fair settlements that address financial losses, inconvenience, and safety concerns, allowing owners to move forward without ongoing mechanical problems affecting daily use.
Typical scenarios include persistent engine or transmission issues, recurring electrical failures, repeated brake or steering problems, or any defect that significantly affects safety and cannot be resolved through reasonable repair attempts. Walnut owners often report defects that return after repairs or that require multiple trips to the dealer without lasting solutions. When such patterns emerge, the legal remedies available under California law may apply. Collecting repair invoices and support documentation helps demonstrate the scope and frequency of the problem to pursue appropriate relief.
Mechanical failures that reappear after repair, such as persistent engine stalling, transmission slippage, or abnormal vibrations, often lead owners to consider lemon law action. For Walnut riders, repeated trips for the same issue indicate the defect remains despite warranty repairs. Documenting each repair visit, including diagnostic codes and parts replaced, creates a pattern showing the defect’s persistence. This evidence is central to demonstrating that the motorcycle substantially impairs operation and supports a claim for repurchase, replacement, or compensation under California’s laws.
Electrical problems such as intermittent loss of power, faulty lighting, or persistent charging system failures can raise serious safety concerns for riders and may qualify for lemon law remedies if not resolved. Similarly, defects in braking, steering, or suspension that affect control and stability warrant attention. Walnut owners should record symptoms, times they occurred, and repair responses from dealers. When these faults continue after warranty repairs, legal remedies seek to remove the unsafe motorcycle from the road or compensate the owner for unresolved safety risks and related costs.
When a motorcycle returns to the dealership multiple times for the same defect and the underlying issue persists, owners may have grounds for a lemon law claim. Documenting each visit, the dealer’s diagnosis, and parts or labor performed shows the pattern of unsuccessful repair attempts. For Walnut riders, this record is a critical component in establishing that a reasonable number of repair opportunities were given but the manufacturer failed to remedy the defect. That demonstration supports demands for repurchase, replacement, or compensation under California statutes.
If you own a motorcycle in Walnut and have experienced persistent defects, Law Republic APC can review your repair history and warranty documents to assess potential lemon law claims. Our team can help collect and organize the necessary records, prepare demand letters, and negotiate with manufacturers or represent you in arbitration if needed. We aim to provide clear guidance tailored to your situation and will explain the likely outcomes and timelines. For a consultation about your motorcycle issues, call 818-532-5323 and learn how California’s lemon law might apply to your case.
Walnut residents choose Law Republic APC because we focus on practical results and dedicated client communication when pursuing lemon law claims. We review repair documents, identify patterns of unresolved defects, and pursue remedies that reflect the motorcycle’s repair history and diminished value. Our service emphasizes attentive support throughout the process, from initial evaluation to negotiation or arbitration. We aim to relieve clients of the stress associated with ongoing mechanical failures and work to secure fair compensation or replacement under California law.
Our approach includes organizing repair records, drafting persuasive claims, and engaging directly with manufacturers and their representatives to seek prompt resolution. For Walnut motorcycle owners, this means less time spent managing disputes and more focus on achieving a reliable outcome. We explain the strengths and potential challenges of each case, outline expected timelines, and maintain regular updates so clients understand where their case stands. Our goal is to pursue effective remedies that address both financial loss and vehicle safety concerns.
We also prioritize transparency about fees, potential outcomes, and the process ahead. Walnut clients receive straightforward guidance on likely remedies and what documentation will strengthen a claim. If formal action becomes necessary, we prepare the case carefully and represent clients at arbitration or in court as needed. Our aim is to secure a fair resolution under California’s lemon law while keeping communication clear and timely throughout the process, including providing local perspective on issues that affect riders in Walnut and nearby communities.
Our process begins with a thorough review of purchase or lease documents, warranty information, and repair records to determine whether the motorcycle’s issues fit California’s lemon law criteria. We then advise on likely remedies and next steps, including sending demand letters, negotiating with manufacturers, or initiating arbitration. Walnut clients receive assistance compiling evidence and preparing statements that detail the defect’s impact on safety and use. We maintain communication throughout the process so clients understand progress and potential timelines for resolution.
The initial phase focuses on gathering and reviewing documents: purchase or lease agreements, warranty information, service records, and correspondence with the dealer or manufacturer. For Walnut owners, this step establishes whether the defect is covered and whether repair attempts meet the standards for a lemon law claim. Thorough documentation helps identify a timeline of repairs and any patterns of unsuccessful fixes. This review sets the foundation for demands, negotiations, and if necessary, formal claims under California law.
We help clients assemble a chronological file of repair invoices, service orders, and warranty documents that demonstrate the defect’s persistence and the manufacturer’s responses. Walnut owners should include dates, descriptions, and any statements from technicians. This evidence is essential to show repeated attempts to fix the issue and to quantify the impact on safety and use. A comprehensive record increases the credibility of claims and supports demands for repurchase, replacement, or compensation under California statutes.
After documents are collected, we evaluate whether the motorcycle’s defects meet California’s legal standards for a lemon law claim, including whether the issue substantially impairs use, safety, or value and whether a reasonable number of repair attempts were made. For Walnut riders, this assessment guides whether to pursue informal negotiation or formal legal relief. We discuss possible remedies and outline the evidence needed to seek repurchase, replacement, or monetary recovery, providing clients with a clear roadmap for next steps.
If eligibility is established, we prepare and send a formal demand to the manufacturer requesting buyback, replacement, or fair compensation. The demand compiles repair records, explains the defect’s impact, and outlines the remedies sought. For Walnut clients, this step often prompts manufacturer response and negotiation. We handle communications, present settlement proposals, and evaluate offers to ensure they reflect the motorcycle’s repair history and financial losses. Negotiation aims to resolve the matter efficiently while protecting the owner’s rights under California law.
The demand letter presents a concise summary of the defect, the repair history, and the legal basis for relief, and requests a specific remedy such as repurchase or replacement. For Walnut riders, a clear and well-documented demand prompts manufacturers to review the claim seriously and consider settlement options. The letter includes relevant invoices, warranty terms, and a timeline of repairs to substantiate the request. This step is designed to encourage resolution without resorting to arbitration or litigation when appropriate.
We engage manufacturers in negotiations to pursue a fair settlement that accounts for repair history, diminished value, and out-of-pocket expenses. Walnut clients benefit from representation that clarifies the legal risks to the manufacturer and seeks an efficient remedy. Negotiations may involve counteroffers and documentation exchanges until a resolution is reached or it becomes clear that arbitration or litigation is necessary. Our role is to advocate for a settlement that accurately reflects the owner’s losses and protects their warranty rights under California law.
If negotiation does not yield an acceptable result, we prepare for arbitration or file a formal claim in court as appropriate. Arbitration is a common path for lemon law disputes and may be faster or required by warranty terms. The process includes submitting evidence, witness statements, and legal arguments to an arbitrator or judge. Walnut owners receive guidance on what to expect during hearings and how outcomes are determined. Our goal is to secure repurchase, replacement, or fair compensation through the most effective available forum.
Preparation involves assembling compelling evidence, organizing repair records, and crafting legal arguments that show the defect substantially impairs the motorcycle and remains unresolved despite repair attempts. For Walnut riders, we develop persuasive presentations for arbitrators or judges that explain the defect’s impact on safety and daily use. Meticulous preparation increases the chances of a favorable ruling or settlement and ensures the client’s claim is presented clearly and professionally at hearing.
At arbitration or in court, the focus shifts to presenting the repair history, witness testimony, and documentation that substantiate the claim. The desired remedy—repurchase, replacement, or compensation—is argued based on the defect’s severity and repair attempts. For Walnut owners, legal representation advocates for outcomes that address both financial losses and safety concerns. A well-presented case increases the likelihood of a resolution that fairly compensates the owner for their defective motorcycle under California lemon law.
Yes. California’s lemon law can apply to motorcycles when they have substantial defects covered by the manufacturer’s new-vehicle warranty that impair use, safety, or value and cannot be repaired after a reasonable number of attempts. Walnut owners should confirm that the defect is covered under the motorcycle’s warranty and document repair attempts by authorized dealers. These records are essential to establish the pattern of unsuccessful repairs required under the statute. To determine if your motorcycle qualifies, collect purchase or lease documents, the warranty, and repair orders showing recurring attempts to fix the defect. If the evidence supports that the issue persisted despite authorized repairs, you may be eligible for remedies such as repurchase, replacement, or compensation under California law. An early review helps clarify the next steps and improve the chance of a favorable outcome.
Critical evidence includes repair invoices, service orders, warranty information, emails or letters to the dealer or manufacturer, and any photos or videos documenting the defect. Walnut riders should keep a detailed timeline of repair visits and note whether the problem occurred before or after specific services. These records help establish that the defect remained unresolved despite repeated attempts to repair it under the warranty. Additional helpful materials include parts replacement records, technician notes, and any safety incidents tied to the defect. Keeping all correspondence and receipts in one organized file strengthens your claim and speeds evaluation. Proper documentation supports negotiation, arbitration, or litigation and assists in proving the impact of the defect on use, safety, and value.
There is no single fixed number of repairs that automatically make a motorcycle a lemon, but California law recognizes patterns such as several repair attempts for the same defect or extended cumulative days out of service. The determination depends on the severity of the defect and the repair history. For Walnut owners, frequent recurring repairs for the same issue that fail to eliminate the defect can meet the legal standard. Arbitration panels and courts look at the totality of circumstances, including the nature of the defect, how many attempts were made, and how long the motorcycle was unusable. Documenting each repair and its outcome provides the evidence needed to show that the manufacturer had reasonable opportunity to correct the issue but failed to do so.
If a motorcycle qualifies as a lemon under California law, remedies may include repurchase of the vehicle by the manufacturer, replacement with a comparable model, or a cash settlement that compensates for diminished value and out-of-pocket expenses. Repurchase typically reimburses the purchase price minus a usage offset and covers finance charges and certain expenses. Walnut riders should understand how settlements are calculated and what will be included. The exact remedy depends on case specifics and negotiations. In some situations, a replacement may be offered if an equivalent motorcycle is available. Legal representation helps evaluate offers and negotiate terms that fairly reflect the motorcycle’s repair history and the owner’s losses under state law.
The timeline varies depending on whether the matter resolves through negotiation, arbitration, or litigation. Simple cases that result in prompt manufacturer settlement may conclude in a few weeks to months, while cases requiring arbitration or court proceedings can take several months or longer. For Walnut riders, the length of time depends on the completeness of documentation, willingness of the manufacturer to negotiate, and the complexity of the defect and repairs. Preparing the case thoroughly and responding promptly to information requests helps speed the process. Early mediation or arbitration sometimes produces faster results than protracted litigation. Legal assistance can help manage expectations on timing and guide clients through the most efficient pathway to resolution.
Not always. Many lemon law disputes are resolved through negotiation or arbitration without a trial. Arbitration is commonly used and can be faster than court while still offering a binding resolution. For Walnut owners, warranty terms may require arbitration before pursuing a lawsuit. The decision to proceed to court usually follows if arbitration or negotiation does not yield an acceptable outcome. If a case proceeds to litigation, legal counsel represents the owner at hearings and trial. The path chosen depends on case facts, manufacturer responses, and client preferences. An attorney can advise whether arbitration or court is the better option based on the nature of the defect and the evidence available.
Used motorcycles may qualify for lemon law protection in certain circumstances, particularly if they are still covered by the original manufacturer’s warranty or a certified pre-owned warranty that covers defects. For Walnut buyers, the deciding factor is whether the defect is covered and whether repair attempts occurred while under warranty coverage. Documentation of purchase date, warranty terms, and repair history remains essential. If a used motorcycle was purchased with remaining manufacturer warranty coverage and persistent defects occur, the owner may pursue remedies similar to a new-vehicle claim. It’s important to review the specific warranty language and gather repair records to assess eligibility and determine the best course of action under California law.
Costs can vary depending on how the claim proceeds. Many lemon law matters are handled on a contingency or fee arrangement where legal fees are recovery-based, which can reduce upfront expenses for Walnut clients. Some cases resolve through negotiation or arbitration without substantial out-of-pocket legal costs. Still, pursuing a formal claim may involve administrative fees for arbitration or limited litigation expenses. We discuss fee arrangements and likely costs during the initial evaluation so clients understand their financial exposure. Transparent communication about fees and potential recovery is part of our service, and we aim to pursue remedies that exceed associated costs and fairly compensate owners for their losses under California law.
To protect yourself when buying a motorcycle in Walnut, always review the warranty terms, obtain a detailed purchase or lease agreement, and ask for a full inspection or test ride. Keep copies of all documents, and request a written record of any dealer assurances. If possible, obtain a vehicle history report and verify that routine maintenance was performed by authorized providers. These steps help establish baseline expectations and provide documentation should a defect appear later. If you experience problems after purchase, take the motorcycle to an authorized dealer for warranty repairs and keep all invoices and communications. Early and consistent documentation of issues and repairs is key to preserving rights under California lemon law and increases the likelihood of a successful resolution if defects persist.
To start the process with Law Republic APC, Walnut owners can call 818-532-5323 or submit initial information about the motorcycle, purchase or lease details, and repair history. We begin with a no-pressure review of documents to evaluate whether the defect and repair record meet California’s lemon law criteria. Our intake process focuses on identifying the most efficient route to resolution, whether through negotiation, arbitration, or formal claim. After the initial review, we advise on the likely remedies and next steps, help gather supporting evidence, and prepare demand materials when appropriate. We keep clients informed throughout the process and work to secure fair outcomes that reflect the motorcycle’s defect history and the owner’s losses under state law.
