If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
The terms you encounter in lemon law matters can be complex. This glossary clarifies definitions in plain language and helps you follow each stage of the process. You will learn what constitutes a ‘lemon’, what remedies California law provides, how ‘reasonable costs’ are determined, and what to expect during negotiations or court actions. A clear understanding of these terms can reduce confusion, set realistic expectations, and empower you to participate actively in decisions about the path to resolution.
Definition: A lemon is a vehicle with substantial defects that persist even after reasonable attempts to repair under the warranty, affecting its use, safety, or value. In California under lemon law, a car may be considered a lemon if the defect substantially impairs its use and the manufacturer or dealer has had multiple chances to fix the problem without producing a reliable vehicle. This term helps customers understand when they may be entitled to remedies such as replacement or buyback, depending on the circumstances and the vehicle’s impact on daily life.
Remedies under the California lemon law may include replacement with a comparable vehicle, repurchase of the defective vehicle, or payment of monetary damages in certain cases. The remedy depends on several factors, including defect severity, repair attempts, and the vehicle’s impact on use. In many situations, a remedy also covers incidental costs and, when appropriate, attorney’s fees pursued through negotiation or litigation. Understanding these options helps you determine the best path toward a fair result.
Buyback or replacement is a remedy that returns the vehicle to the manufacturer in exchange for a refund or substitutes it with another vehicle. To qualify, the defect must be substantial and not fixed after multiple repair attempts within a defined period. The process typically includes documented repairs, communications with the dealer or manufacturer, and a potential settlement or court action if an agreement cannot be reached. Knowing this option can help you decide the most suitable path for recovery.
Warranty is a written promise by the manufacturer or seller regarding quality and performance, typically covering specified repairs for a defined period or mileage. In lemon law matters, warranty coverage helps assess whether disclosed defects were honored and what remedies may apply. Reading the warranty terms clarifies responsibilities for repairs, replacements, and related costs during the claim process, and helps you track eligibility for remedies under California law.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
If you own a defective used vehicle in Willowbrook, you deserve clear guidance and dependable support. California lemon law offers remedies to address vehicles that repeatedly fail to perform as promised, and our firm helps navigate the process with patience, transparency, and careful attention to detail. We evaluate your situation, discuss timing, and outline possible outcomes without promising unrealistic results. From initial consultation to settlement negotiations or court proceedings, our approach centers on explaining options, compiling documentation, and communicating clearly. By staying informed, you can make confident decisions about how to pursue a fair resolution and protect your rights.
In answering your question, we explain the steps involved in a lemon law claim, including determining eligibility, gathering records, and evaluating whether the defect is substantial. We describe what the dealer and manufacturer typically expect, how long the process might take, and what remedies may be possible. We emphasize practical considerations such as documentation, timing, and communication. Our goal is to help you understand your rights, set realistic expectations, and decide on a path forward that best fits your needs and daily life.
While each case has unique aspects, the common elements include an initial evaluation, collection of repair invoices, and pursuing a remedy through negotiation, arbitration, or court action. We focus on clarity, avoid hype, and work to minimize stress through steady advocacy. You deserve transparent guidance, thorough preparation, and a plan that aligns with your priorities, whether that means returning the vehicle or obtaining compensation for losses or out-of-pocket expenses.
In most situations, you may be eligible for a refund, replacement, or compensation for repairs and other related costs. Our team will review the defect history, repair attempts, and the impact on your daily life to determine the best remedy. We explain options clearly, discuss timing, and help you decide the most practical route toward a fair resolution. With careful documentation and informed decision-making, you can pursue remedies that align with your goals and financial needs.
Having legal representation can help you navigate complex documentation, deadlines, and communications with manufacturers and dealers. A knowledgeable attorney can evaluate your case, explain available remedies, and support you through negotiations or litigation. We focus on plain language explanations, steady advocacy, and transparent guidance to help you protect your rights and pursue an effective remedy for a defective vehicle.
Gather repair invoices, maintenance records, warranty documents, and any correspondence with the seller or manufacturer. Create a clear chronology of events, noting dates of each defect and repair attempt. Collect photos or videos of the defect and keep track of related costs. Organizing this information ahead of time helps your claim move smoothly and can increase the likelihood of a favorable outcome.
A dealer may have limited remedies depending on the terms of the sale and the applicable law. We help you evaluate whether a refund, replacement, or repair option is most appropriate, and we guide you through negotiations to pursue a viable resolution. While outcomes vary, a well-documented claim and clear strategy can improve your position and lead toward a fair settlement or buyback when warranted.
Costs can vary depending on the complexity of the case and whether you pursue a settlement or formal action. In California, attorney fees may be recovered in certain lemon law proceedings, but you should discuss fee arrangements, potential costs, and likely timelines with your attorney to avoid surprises. We provide upfront information about expenses and work to maximize your value through careful preparation and effective advocacy.
Yes. California law covers used vehicles under the lemon law, provided the defects are substantial and occur within the warranty period or under similar protections. Our team can assess your vehicle, review warranty coverage, and explain the remedies available, including replacement or buyback. We focus on practical guidance, organized documentation, and a straightforward plan designed for your needs.
A lemon law claim typically does not directly affect your credit score, but extended negotiations, settlements, or court actions can have indirect financial implications. We help you understand how different remedies may impact your finances and advise on ways to minimize any potential adverse effects. Our approach emphasizes transparency, practical planning, and steady progress toward a fair resolution that protects your financial wellbeing.
At Law Republic APC, we combine thorough case review, practical guidance, and careful advocacy to pursue the best possible outcome for your defective vehicle. We assess eligibility, collect supporting records, and communicate clearly throughout the process. Our team coordinates with manufacturers, dealerships, and courts as needed, keeps you informed, and explains every option so you can make informed decisions. Your rights, protection, and financial wellbeing are our priorities as we pursue a fair resolution.
"*" indicates required fields