If you are facing a real estate dispute in Grand Terrace, California, immediate and informed action can affect the outcome and your financial position. Law Republic APC assists clients with property disputes that range from contract disagreements and boundary claims to landlord-tenant conflicts and title disputes. This page outlines common situations, what the legal process may involve, and how our firm approaches resolving disputes efficiently while protecting your rights. We focus on clear communication, thorough document review, and practical solutions tailored to your goals so you can move forward with confidence in your property matters.
Real estate conflicts often involve complex facts, timelines, and statutory rules specific to California and San Bernardino County. Whether you own residential property in Grand Terrace, manage rental units, or are negotiating a commercial lease, a careful assessment of contracts, recorded documents, and communications is essential. Our approach emphasizes early information gathering and practical options such as negotiation, mediation, or litigation when necessary. By understanding the full scope of your situation, we help identify realistic pathways to resolution that minimize disruption and seek to protect your legal and financial interests over both the short and long term.
Addressing a property dispute promptly preserves evidence, avoids escalation, and increases the chance of a favorable resolution. Timely legal review helps clarify rights under purchase agreements, leases, easements, and title records, and can prevent deadlines from passing or claims from being forfeited. Early intervention also creates opportunities for negotiation and alternative dispute resolution, which often reduce costs and time compared with prolonged litigation. For property owners and managers in Grand Terrace, informed actions can protect equity, preserve relationships with neighbors or tenants, and provide certainty so you can proceed with development, sale, or ongoing use of the property.
Law Republic APC represents clients across California, including homeowners and businesses in Grand Terrace, on real estate matters that require thoughtful advocacy and strategic planning. Our team conducts thorough case evaluations that include title searches, contract analysis, and assessment of relevant communications and records. We emphasize practical solutions tailored to client objectives, pursuing negotiated outcomes when appropriate and preparing for court when needed. Clients benefit from clear guidance about risks and timelines, a coordinated approach to evidence and settlement, and consistent communication so they understand options every step of the way.
Real estate dispute resolution covers a wide range of issues including breach of contract for purchase and sale, escrow disputes, boundary and easement conflicts, title discrepancies, landlord-tenant disagreements, and construction or development disputes. The process begins with a careful fact-gathering stage to identify documentary and recorded evidence and to evaluate potential legal claims and defenses under California law. From there, parties may negotiate directly, pursue mediation or arbitration, or file suit in state court. Each pathway has different timing, costs, and potential outcomes that should be weighed against client objectives and the specifics of the Grand Terrace property at issue.
A practical assessment includes identifying contractual obligations, relevant statutes or codes, insurance considerations, and recorded property instruments. For landlord-tenant matters, timelines for notices and statutory procedures often determine the viability of remedies. For title and boundary disputes, recorded deeds, surveys, and county records play a central role. Alternative dispute resolution may offer confidential, faster, and less adversarial solutions, while litigation provides formal adjudication and the ability to secure binding orders. Clients in Grand Terrace should expect guidance that balances likelihood of success, projected costs, and the best route to preserve property value and personal or business interests.
Real estate dispute resolution refers to the methods used to resolve conflicts connected to property rights, contracts, titles, and land use. Resolution can take place through informal negotiations, structured mediation, binding arbitration, or civil litigation. Each method offers different benefits: negotiation can preserve relationships, mediation can create mutually acceptable solutions under a neutral facilitator, arbitration can yield a private binding decision, and litigation provides a public record and judicial authority to grant remedies. Choosing the best path depends on the facts of the case, the parties’ objectives, timing, and the complexity of legal issues under California law.
A typical dispute timeline includes client intake, document collection and review, legal analysis, attempts at informal resolution, and, if necessary, filing formal claims or responses. Important elements include preserving written records, obtaining relevant surveys and title reports, identifying witnesses and experts when technical issues arise, and adhering to procedural deadlines and notice requirements. Effective preparation often involves crafting demand letters, participating in prelitigation settlement discussions, and preparing concise, supported legal positions for mediation or court. Throughout, ongoing client communication and realistic cost-benefit analysis help determine the optimal course for resolving a Grand Terrace property conflict.
Understanding common terms can make a significant difference when navigating a property dispute. This glossary covers foundational concepts and references that frequently appear in California real estate matters. Familiarity with these terms helps clients follow case strategy, understand pleadings or settlement offers, and make informed decisions about negotiation and litigation. If you encounter unfamiliar legal language in correspondence or court documents, bring those materials to your attorney for clarification so that your choices align with both your legal position and personal or business goals for the property in Grand Terrace.
Title refers to the legal right to own, use, and transfer property. Title issues arise when recorded deeds, liens, or encumbrances create uncertainty about ownership. Title insurance is a policy that protects owners or lenders from certain losses related to defects in title, such as undisclosed liens or errors in public records. When disputes arise in Grand Terrace, a current title report and any applicable title insurance policy are essential to understanding potential remedies and transferability. Reviewing recorded instruments and title exceptions helps determine whether insurance coverage, quiet title action, or other remedies are appropriate.
An easement grants a person or entity the right to use another’s property for a specific purpose, such as access or utilities. Boundary disputes typically involve disagreements about where one property ends and another begins, often requiring surveys and historical records. Resolving these matters may rely on recorded plats, prior deeds, and evidence of use or maintenance. In Grand Terrace, property owners frequently consult surveyors and review county records to clarify boundaries or negotiate access arrangements. When informal resolution is not possible, equitable remedies or quiet title actions may be pursued in court.
Contracts in real estate include purchase agreements, lease agreements, construction contracts, and escrow instructions. A breach occurs when a party fails to fulfill contractual promises, which can lead to claims for damages, specific performance, or termination. Effective dispute resolution starts with analyzing the contract language, notice requirements, and any contingency clauses. In Grand Terrace disputes, careful review of timelines, financing conditions, and disclosure obligations is essential to determine remedies, potential defenses, and settlement leverage when parties attempt to resolve matters outside of court.
Alternative dispute resolution includes mediation and arbitration as alternatives to full court litigation. Mediation is a voluntary negotiation process led by a neutral facilitator who helps parties reach a settlement. Arbitration is a private process in which a neutral decision-maker renders a binding award. These methods can be faster and more private than litigation and may reduce costs and uncertainty. For many property disputes in Grand Terrace, ADR options are considered early because they allow parties to control outcomes, preserve confidentiality, and often reach practical compromises without prolonged court proceedings.
When comparing options, negotiation is typically the least formal and most cost-effective method, suitable when parties are willing to communicate and compromise. Mediation provides structured negotiation with a neutral party but requires both sides to agree to terms. Arbitration offers a binding process outside of court that can be quicker than litigation but limits appellate review. Litigation delivers formal adjudication and court-ordered remedies but can require more time and expense. The best choice depends on factors like the complexity of title issues, the importance of precedent, timelines, and each party’s willingness to negotiate in good faith for a resolution in Grand Terrace.
A limited approach can be effective when the dispute centers on a straightforward contract breach where damages are quantifiable and evidence is clear. In such cases, sending a formal demand letter, engaging in targeted negotiation, or attending a single mediation session may resolve the matter without extensive discovery. This approach minimizes legal fees and moves toward a predictable outcome for both parties. For property owners and buyers in Grand Terrace, a focused strategy is often appropriate when the facts and remedies are limited and the parties prefer an efficient, practical resolution.
When a dispute involves a narrow boundary line or easement interpretation that can be resolved with a new survey or written agreement, a limited approach is often successful. Parties may agree to commission a survey, negotiate a recorded easement, or sign a stipulation to clarify use rights. These options prevent prolonged litigation and protect neighbor relationships. In Grand Terrace, local records and survey evidence are frequently decisive, allowing parties to address practical access or maintenance concerns through negotiation and documentation rather than full-scale court proceedings.
A comprehensive strategy is often required when title issues involve multiple recorded interests, competing liens, or unclear chains of ownership that necessitate detailed research and coordinated legal actions. Resolving such disputes may involve quiet title claims, lien priority litigation, and collaboration with title companies or other entities. These cases require extensive document review, potential depositions, and court filings to secure a durable resolution. In Grand Terrace, addressing complex title matters thoroughly helps protect property marketability and future transferability by removing clouds on title through the proper legal procedures.
When significant value or long-term business interests are at stake, a comprehensive approach protects clients by addressing all legal angles and preparing for adversarial proceedings if necessary. This may include strategic use of experts, discovery to develop evidence, and careful litigation readiness while continuing settlement efforts. For Grand Terrace property owners, ensuring a complete legal posture can prevent costly surprises and secure enforceable outcomes that withstand future challenges, preserving financial interests tied to development plans, sales, or commercial use of the property.
A comprehensive approach provides thorough protection by addressing all legal and factual issues, anticipating potential defenses, and preparing for multiple resolution paths. This breadth can reduce the risk of unresolved claims resurfacing later and ensures that settlement terms are enforceable and complete. By coordinating discovery, witness preparation, and legal argumentation, clients gain a clearer picture of likely outcomes and can make informed decisions about settlement or trial. For property owners and businesses in Grand Terrace, a full-spectrum strategy reduces the chance of future disputes and supports long-term property and financial planning.
Comprehensive representation can also preserve leverage in negotiations by demonstrating readiness to pursue litigation when necessary. It allows for the integration of title research, survey evidence, and contractual analysis into a cohesive case theory. While this approach may require greater upfront resources, it often yields better long-term results by resolving interconnected issues in a single proceeding. Clients in Grand Terrace who choose a comprehensive path often benefit from durable resolutions that protect property value and reduce the likelihood of recurring conflict or subsequent legal challenges.
Developing a case thoroughly reduces the risk of surprises and helps secure more favorable negotiating positions. Comprehensive work identifies hidden liens, prior claims, or gaps in documentation early so they can be addressed proactively. This reduces the chance that unresolved issues will undermine settlement or transfer of property later. For Grand Terrace property matters, the additional upfront attention often prevents costly delays in sales or development and helps ensure that resolutions are legally enforceable and protect the client’s long-term interests.
A well-prepared case signals to opposing parties that you are ready to pursue full legal remedies, which can result in more realistic settlement offers and better leverage in negotiations. Detailed preparation supports persuasive arguments in mediation or court and can shorten disputes by focusing attention on the most influential facts and law. For stakeholders in Grand Terrace, demonstrating readiness and a solid factual record often encourages constructive settlement behavior and helps secure outcomes that preserve the property’s value and the client’s financial interests.
Begin by collecting all documents related to the property, including deeds, surveys, escrow records, correspondence, inspection reports, and lease agreements. Organizing these records chronologically and noting key dates helps clarify the timeline and supports any factual assertions. Early document preservation prevents loss of evidence and strengthens negotiation positions. For Grand Terrace matters, county recorder entries and prior recorded instruments are particularly important, so obtaining certified copies and digital backups aids efficient case assessment and communication with counsel during the dispute resolution process.
California and local rules set deadlines for filing claims, responding to notices, and serving required documents. Missing a statutory deadline can forfeit important remedies and reduce options for resolution. Prompt consultation, timely preservation of evidence, and adherence to procedural timelines help protect rights and maintain strategic flexibility. When a dispute arises in Grand Terrace, rapid attention to timelines for notices, demands, and filings often makes the difference between preserving a claim and having limited recourse, so prioritizing these steps is essential to effective dispute management.
Real estate disputes can affect personal finances, business operations, and the ability to transfer or develop property. Legal assistance helps clarify rights under contracts and recorded instruments, identify potential remedies, and create plans to protect property value. Whether you face a tenant dispute, title cloud, or conflicting claims to access, informed legal guidance supports better decision-making. For owners and managers in Grand Terrace, retaining counsel early provides a clearer understanding of likely outcomes and helps preserve negotiation options that might be lost through missed deadlines or incomplete factual preparation.
Seeking legal help also offers strategic planning around settlement, alternative dispute resolution, and litigation when necessary. Counsel can coordinate with surveyors, title companies, and other professionals to build a thorough record and advise on enforceable remedies. For transactions involving substantial value or long-term commitments in Grand Terrace, ensuring that issues are resolved properly protects future use and marketability of the property. Legal representation helps translate complex rules into practical choices that match your goals for immediate resolution and long-term property stability.
Common triggers for disputes include failures to close under purchase agreements, undisclosed liens or title defects discovered during escrow, disagreements over property boundaries or easement use, construction defects or contractor disagreements, and landlord-tenant conflicts such as unpaid rent or habitability issues. Each circumstance requires a distinct approach to gathering evidence and pursuing remedies. Residents and property owners in Grand Terrace often encounter these scenarios during sales, renovations, or property management, and addressing them proactively helps prevent escalation and safeguard property value and ongoing operations.
Disputes arising from purchase agreements can include financing failures, undisclosed defects, breach of contingency clauses, or disagreements over closing costs. Resolving these cases begins with a close reading of the contract, related disclosures, and communications between parties. Remedies may involve enforcing the contract, negotiating damages, or rescinding the agreement when warranted. For Grand Terrace buyers and sellers, timely action to preserve evidence and understand contractual deadlines often determines whether a dispute can be resolved by negotiation or requires court intervention.
Boundary and easement issues frequently arise when neighboring owners disagree over access, fences, driveway use, or maintenance responsibilities. These disputes typically involve recorded plats, deed descriptions, and physical evidence of long-term use. Resolution can involve commissioning a professional survey, negotiating a recorded agreement, or seeking judicial clarification through a quiet title or declaratory relief action. For Grand Terrace homeowners, addressing such conflicts early helps preserve neighbor relations and prevents small disagreements from turning into extended legal battles that affect property enjoyment and value.
Landlord-tenant disputes may cover nonpayment of rent, lease violations, security deposit disagreements, and habitability concerns such as mold or safety hazards. California law provides specific procedures and notice requirements for eviction and habitability claims, and following those procedures is essential to protect rights. Many disputes are resolved through negotiation or mediation, but some require judicial action when parties cannot agree. For property owners and tenants in Grand Terrace, understanding statutory timelines and documentation expectations is key to achieving a lawful and practical resolution.
If you are confronting a real estate dispute in Grand Terrace, Law Republic APC can provide an initial assessment and outline practical options tailored to your situation. We help clients gather evidence, evaluate potential claims and defenses, and pursue negotiation, mediation, arbitration, or litigation as needed. Our focus is on protecting your property investment and achieving a resolution that aligns with your personal or business goals. Contact our office to discuss your circumstances and learn how a methodical approach can reduce uncertainty and support a constructive path forward.
Clients choose our firm for clear, practical guidance on complex property matters and for representation that balances thorough preparation with a focus on cost-effective solutions. We prioritize early case assessment, detailed document review, and open communication so clients understand the likely outcomes and options. For Grand Terrace property matters, our approach helps preserve value and resolve disputes in ways that support future use and transferability of the property while minimizing unnecessary expense and delay.
Our team coordinates with surveyors, title companies, and other professionals when technical issues arise to build a comprehensive record and support persuasive negotiation or litigation strategies. We tailor our services to the specific facts and goals of each client, whether the objective is a negotiated settlement, a recorded agreement to clarify rights, or courtroom resolution when necessary. This pragmatic focus helps clients pursue outcomes that align with both immediate needs and longer term property plans in Grand Terrace.
Communication and responsiveness are central to our representation. We keep clients informed about deadlines, settlement opportunities, and procedural developments so decisions are deliberate and timely. For individuals and businesses in Grand Terrace, having a single point of contact who coordinates case tasks and explains legal choices reduces stress and improves efficiency, making the dispute resolution process more manageable and aligned with client priorities.
Our process begins with a thorough intake to identify the core issues, followed by document gathering and an initial legal assessment. We prioritize practical solutions and consider the full range of dispute resolution methods, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and litigation. If litigation is required, we prepare pleadings, assemble evidence, and coordinate necessary professionals. Throughout the process we assess costs and timelines and keep clients informed so they can make strategic decisions. For Grand Terrace matters, local records and county procedures are incorporated early to shape an effective plan.
The first step is a focused evaluation of contract terms, recorded instruments, correspondence, and any relevant inspection or survey reports. This review clarifies legal issues, timelines, and potential remedies while identifying immediate actions to preserve evidence and rights. We also evaluate insurance policies and potential third-party interests that may affect resolution. For Grand Terrace clients, county recorder searches and title reports are conducted upfront to identify clouds on title or other recorded encumbrances that could shape the strategy going forward.
We advise on preserving key communications and documents, and on sending appropriate notices to opposing parties when required by contract or statute. Early, properly drafted notices may prevent waiver of claims and can open opportunities for resolution without litigation. Taking these steps promptly also helps identify whether immediate court filings are required to protect rights or meet statutory deadlines in California and San Bernardino County.
When technical issues are present, we coordinate with surveyors, title professionals, and relevant consultants to assemble an evidentiary foundation. This work supports negotiation and prepares a robust case record if the dispute proceeds to arbitration or trial. For complex Grand Terrace disputes, timely engagement with professionals ensures accurate documentation of boundary lines, title history, or construction issues that are central to resolving the matter.
After initial preparation, we typically attempt negotiation or mediation to resolve disputes efficiently and confidentially. These methods often conserve resources and allow parties to reach tailored agreements. During ADR sessions we present a clear case summary, supported by documents and professional findings, to facilitate realistic settlement discussions. If parties cannot reach agreement, arbitration or litigation remains an option, with the case record already developed to support more formal proceedings if necessary.
Mediation preparation includes identifying primary settlement objectives, assembling persuasive evidence, and defining negotiation parameters. We develop a negotiation plan and present issues clearly to the mediator and opposing party to encourage constructive dialogue. For Grand Terrace matters, this preparation often involves summarizing title or survey findings and outlining realistic remedies tied to each party’s interests to help facilitate a practical resolution.
Arbitration can provide a binding decision with reduced publicity and potentially quicker resolution than court litigation. We evaluate arbitration clauses, potential arbitrators’ backgrounds, and procedural rules to determine whether arbitration fits the client’s goals. When appropriate, we prepare succinct arbitration materials to present critical facts and legal arguments, maintaining focus on efficient presentation and enforceable outcomes for disputes involving Grand Terrace properties.
When negotiation or ADR does not produce an acceptable result, litigation may be necessary to resolve contested issues and secure judicial remedies. Litigation involves pleadings, discovery, motions, and possibly trial, and requires disciplined case management to control costs and timeline. We prepare to present a compelling factual and legal case while continuing to pursue settlement wherever appropriate. For Grand Terrace disputes, local court procedures and timelines are considered throughout to ensure procedural compliance and strategic advantage.
Discovery includes document requests, depositions, and subpoenas to gather testimony and records supportive of the client’s claims. Effective discovery targets discrepancies in the opposing party’s position and develops the strongest possible evidentiary record for court or settlement. In property disputes in Grand Terrace, this stage often clarifies title chains, survey data, and contractual histories essential to resolving contested ownership or access claims.
Trial preparation involves presenting a coherent narrative supported by witness testimony, documents, and expert or professional input when appropriate. Should a favorable judgment be obtained, we assist with enforcement measures and ensure recorded orders are reflected in county records to clear title or impose remedies. For clients in Grand Terrace, obtaining and enforcing a strong judgment secures long-term protection and helps ensure that dispute outcomes are durable and legally recognized.
If you discover a title problem, begin by obtaining a current title report and certified copies of recorded documents associated with the property. Reviewing deeds, liens, and recorded encumbrances helps identify the nature and scope of the issue and whether title insurance may respond. Preserve all original documents and communications related to the transaction and avoid transferring property interests until the matter is evaluated. Prompt attention can prevent further complications and supports effective dispute resolution. Contacting counsel early allows for a strategic assessment of whether a quiet title action, negotiation with competing claimants, or engaging the title insurance company is the best route. In many instances, timely coordination with a title company and county recorder searches clarifies options and speeds resolution. Acting quickly also helps preserve rights against deadlines and supports a more efficient path to clearing the title or obtaining compensation.
Yes, many boundary disputes are resolved without court intervention by commissioning a professional survey and negotiating a recorded agreement such as an easement or boundary line adjustment. When neighbors are willing to cooperate, agreeing on a shared solution and recording the agreement prevents future misunderstandings and stabilizes property rights. Clear documentation of the agreed terms is essential to avoid recurring conflict. If negotiation stalls, mediation provides a structured setting to explore settlement while avoiding litigation. When evidence is contested or parties remain hostile, quiet title or declaratory relief in court may be necessary to obtain a binding determination. The choice depends on the facts, willingness to cooperate, and the importance of a court-ordered resolution for recording and future transfers.
Available remedies for a buyer’s breach include seeking specific performance to compel the sale when monetary damages are inadequate, pursuing damages for losses caused by the breach, or rescinding the contract where appropriate. The contract language, including contingencies and remedies clauses, often dictates what options are available. Promptly reviewing the agreement helps determine the most effective approach and whether cure periods or notice requirements apply. Often parties negotiate a settlement that compensates the non-breaching side while avoiding protracted litigation. When negotiations fail, filing suit to enforce contractual rights or obtain damages may be necessary. Each route involves careful evaluation of costs, timelines, and likelihood of success under California contract and real estate law.
Landlord-tenant habitability disputes under California law typically involve statutory obligations for landlords to maintain rental properties in a habitable condition. Tenants may provide written notice of defects and allow a reasonable time for repairs, and remedies can include repair and deduct, withholding rent in limited circumstances, or seeking court-ordered repairs or compensation. Documentation of the condition and repair requests is important when asserting habitability claims. Eviction and repair proceedings must follow statutory notice and procedural requirements. Many habitability disputes are resolved through negotiation or administrative remedies, but some require court intervention when repairs are not completed or compensation is refused. Understanding the specific statutory steps and preserving evidence of conditions and communications supports successful resolution.
Mediation is a strong choice when parties want a confidential, efficient process and are open to negotiated outcomes. It is particularly useful when ongoing relationships matter, such as neighbor disputes or landlord-tenant matters where future interactions are likely. Mediation allows parties to craft creative solutions that a court might not order and typically reduces costs and time compared with full litigation. Preparing for mediation with a clear statement of key facts, supporting documents, and a realistic understanding of desired outcomes increases the chance of success. If mediation does not produce an agreement, the record developed during preparation still benefits subsequent arbitration or litigation by clarifying issues and evidence.
The duration of real estate lawsuits in San Bernardino County varies widely depending on complexity, discovery needs, and court schedules. Simple cases with limited factual disputes may resolve in a matter of months, while complex title or multi-party matters can take a year or more. The timing is influenced by document discovery, depositions, expert reports, motion practice, and trial availability, all of which extend the timeline. Parties often shorten resolution time by pursuing ADR or targeted discovery and by focusing on core issues for expedited resolution. Early case management and realistic planning help control costs and timelines, and counsel can advise on strategies to move a case efficiently through the local court system.
Title insurance provides coverage for many defects in recorded title that existed prior to the policy issuance, but it may not cover every issue. Exceptions and exclusions in the policy, such as unrecorded interests or matters resulting from acts of the insured, can limit coverage. Reviewing the title policy and its exceptions early clarifies the scope of protection and potential insurer obligations. When a covered defect is identified, notifying the title insurer promptly and supplying requested documentation helps determine whether the policy will respond. Sometimes insurers will assist in resolving claims or provide compensation, but when coverage is disputed, legal action or negotiation with the title company may be necessary to enforce policy rights.
A quiet title action is a lawsuit filed to establish clear ownership of real property and remove clouds or competing claims on title. It is appropriate when recorded interests, adverse claims, or defects in the chain of title prevent a sale or create uncertainty about ownership rights. The court’s judgment clarifies the parties’ rights and allows for clear recordation to support future transactions. Quiet title actions require thorough title research and careful service of process to notify potentially affected parties. For Grand Terrace properties, a successful quiet title judgment can restore marketability and provide certainty for financing, sale, or development by resolving competing claims in a way that is reflected in county records.
To protect a property sale from escrow or closing disputes, ensure that all contractual contingencies are clearly defined and that required disclosures and inspections are completed in a timely fashion. Maintaining clear communication with escrow officers, title companies, and the other party reduces misunderstandings and facilitates a smooth closing. Providing full documentation and responding promptly to requests helps prevent last-minute disputes that can delay or derail a transaction. Including clear remedies and timelines in the purchase agreement, and verifying that title and lien searches are clean before closing, are practical steps that minimize risks. When disputes arise, timely involvement of counsel can address issues before they escalate and help negotiate short-term arrangements that preserve the transaction whenever possible.
Costs for pursuing property dispute resolution vary with the dispute’s complexity, procedural needs, discovery scope, and whether ADR or litigation is pursued. Negotiation and mediation are generally less costly than full-scale litigation, while complex litigation with expert witnesses and extended discovery can be significantly more expensive. Evaluating the likely costs against potential recovery or the importance of clearing title helps determine an appropriate strategy. We provide candid assessments of projected costs and discuss phased approaches to manage expenses, such as starting with targeted discovery or exploring settlement early. Planning and prioritizing key tasks can reduce wasted resources and align the resolution path with your financial and practical goals for the Grand Terrace property.
"*" indicates required fields