If your new vehicle is presenting repeated defects in Los Angeles, you have rights under California’s lemon law. At Law Republic APC we represent clients who purchased or leased vehicles that fail to meet basic safety, reliability, or performance standards. This page explains what constitutes a defective new vehicle claim, outlines common remedies, and describes how a focused legal approach can help you pursue a buyback, replacement, or monetary recovery. We handle claims statewide with attention to local courts and dealers and can start with a free consultation by phone at 818-532-5323 to evaluate your situation and next steps.
Many Los Angeles vehicle owners assume defects are minor or temporary, but recurring problems that impair use, value, or safety may qualify for a lemon law claim. The law provides specific procedures and deadlines that affect your options, so early review is important. We explain manufacturer repair records, reasonable repair attempts, and the role of arbitration or court proceedings. Our intent is to demystify the process for you, explain likely outcomes, and outline a practical path forward so you can make informed decisions about pursuing a lemon law remedy in California and specifically within Los Angeles jurisdiction.
A successful lemon law claim can restore the value you expected when you bought or leased a new vehicle and can protect your safety on the road. Pursuing a claim can result in a vehicle repurchase, replacement, or compensation for diminished value and related costs. For Los Angeles residents, resolving a defective vehicle claim can eliminate ongoing repair expenses, remove repeated safety risks, and avoid the hidden costs of unreliable transportation. Understanding what the manufacturer owes under California law helps you press for a fair outcome, preserve warranty rights, and hold manufacturers accountable for vehicles that do not meet reasonable standards.
Law Republic APC represents clients across California, including Los Angeles, in personal injury, real estate, and lemon law matters. Our team focuses on practical, client-centered representation for those facing defective new vehicle claims. We review repair histories, warranty documentation, and communications with manufacturers and dealerships to build claims that reflect the realities of your vehicle’s problems. Clients receive clear guidance about statutory timelines, potential remedies, and dispute-resolution options so they understand the likely path and can make decisions that protect their interests and finances throughout a lemon law claim.
California’s lemon law provides remedies when a new vehicle has persistent defects that impair its use, value, or safety and the manufacturer cannot fix the problem after a reasonable number of repair attempts. Coverage typically applies during the manufacturer’s warranty period and can include repurchase, replacement, or a cash settlement. The process depends on repair records, the nature of the defect, and whether the problem substantially affects vehicle function or safety. For Los Angeles residents, local dealer interactions and repair facilities are part of the record, and keeping thorough documentation strengthens any claim pursued under state law.
Preparing a lemon law claim involves documenting each repair visit, noting dates, symptoms, repair results, and any communications with the dealer or manufacturer. You should preserve invoices, work orders, warranty paperwork, and any written correspondence or emails. Mileage and the timing of repairs relative to warranty coverage also matter. In Los Angeles, many manufacturers operate regional customer service centers and arbitration programs; understanding which avenue is appropriate for your case helps you choose a strategy that maximizes recovery while minimizing delay and cost.
A defective new vehicle, commonly called a ‘lemon’ in everyday language, is one that has defects covered by the manufacturer’s warranty that substantially impair its use, value, or safety. The legal standard focuses on the defect’s effect, not just the presence of a fault code or a single repair visit. California law evaluates whether the manufacturer had a reasonable opportunity to repair the defect, typically measured by repeat repair attempts or time out of service. This definition guides remedies and is central to whether a claim will proceed through arbitration or court in Los Angeles and across the state.
Successful lemon law claims rely on several common elements: documented repair attempts, a defect covered by warranty, proof that the defect substantially impairs vehicle use or safety, and compliance with timing requirements under California law. The process can involve informal negotiation with the manufacturer, participation in a manufacturer-run arbitration program, or filing a lawsuit in state court. Each route has procedural steps, deadlines, and strategic considerations. Maintaining a clear repair history and following the manufacturer’s required notice or opportunity to repair are among the most important steps for owners in Los Angeles seeking a resolution.
Understanding common terms helps Los Angeles vehicle owners navigate lemon law claims. Important entries include warranty coverage periods, reasonable repair attempts, substantial impairment, arbitration, repurchase, replacement, and civil remedies such as attorney fees and incidental costs. These terms define the rights and remedies available under California law and clarify what evidence and documentation matter in a claim. Reviewing this glossary before contacting a manufacturer or dealer helps you preserve important records and communicate clearly about the nature and history of the defect when seeking resolution.
Reasonable repair attempts refers to the number of times a manufacturer or authorized dealer must be given the chance to repair a defect before the vehicle may qualify as a lemon. California law does not fix a single numeric threshold in every case; instead, courts and arbitration panels consider the severity of the defect, the time the vehicle was out of service, and manufacturer repair opportunities. Keeping detailed records of each repair visit, including dates, mileage, and the results of repairs, is essential. This documentation supports the claim that the manufacturer had sufficient opportunity to fix the problem yet the defect persisted.
Manufacturer repurchase or replacement is the remedy commonly sought in lemon law cases when the vehicle cannot be repaired after reasonable attempts. Repurchase generally means the manufacturer buys the vehicle back and refunds the purchase price minus a reasonable offset for usage. Replacement involves the manufacturer providing a comparable vehicle. Both remedies seek to put the consumer in a position similar to what they would have been in if the vehicle had been free from the covered defect. The specifics of the remedy are governed by California law and the manufacturer’s policies.
Substantial impairment describes a defect’s practical effect on the vehicle’s use, safety, or value. Minor cosmetic issues that do not affect drivability or safety generally do not meet this threshold. Examples of substantial impairment include recurring engine failures, braking system malfunctions, or defects that require repeated immobilization of the vehicle. Determining substantial impairment often requires reviewing repair records, expert assessments, and how the defect affects everyday use. For Los Angeles residents, local driving conditions and safety concerns may influence the practical impact of certain defects on daily transportation.
Arbitration is a common dispute-resolution option offered by manufacturers to resolve lemon law claims without court litigation. Arbitration can be faster and less formal, but outcomes vary by program and provider. Some manufacturers require arbitration as a precondition to litigation, while others allow consumers to choose. Understanding arbitration rules, deadlines, and evidentiary requirements is important when deciding whether to participate. For many Los Angeles consumers, arbitration is a practical step that can lead to settlement, but preparing a complete file with repair history and supporting documentation ensures your claim is presented clearly and persuasively in any forum.
When facing a defective new vehicle, owners can pursue limited remedies such as direct negotiation with the dealer or manufacturer, or pursue full legal action under California’s lemon law. Negotiation without legal involvement can sometimes secure a repair or small settlement, but may leave unresolved issues or inadequate compensation. Full legal action, by contrast, follows statutory procedures, may seek repurchase or replacement, and can recover incidental costs and related damages. For Los Angeles residents, the choice depends on defect severity, repair history, and whether the manufacturer is willing to offer a fair resolution without formal proceedings.
A limited approach can be effective when the manufacturer or dealership acknowledges the defect and offers an immediate, fair remedy such as a comprehensive repair, replacement part, or a compensation that adequately addresses your losses. If the defect is recent, isolated, or clearly covered by warranty terms, direct negotiation may resolve the issue without filing a formal claim. Still, Los Angeles consumers should document all offers and agreements in writing and ensure that any proposed remedy is durable, fully addresses the defect, and does not waive future rights unless that waiver is clearly explained and acceptable.
A limited approach may suffice when the defect has minimal impact on daily driving, vehicle safety, or resale value and a simple repair provides a reliable fix. For defects that do not recur and do not substantially impair the vehicle, a single repair visit or dealer goodwill adjustment can be practical. Even in these cases, Los Angeles owners should ask for written confirmation of the repair and monitor performance. Keeping a clear record helps if the problem returns, because repeat issues often change the strategic approach to a formal lemon law claim under California law.
Comprehensive legal representation is often appropriate when a defect persists despite multiple repair attempts and the vehicle’s use or safety is substantially impaired. In these circumstances, manufacturers may be slow to accept liability, and formal legal steps, including filing claims in arbitration or court, become necessary. An attorney can help collect and organize repair records, communicate with the manufacturer in a formal legal context, and pursue remedies under California’s lemon law. For Los Angeles vehicle owners, this formal approach increases the chances of a repurchase, replacement, or fair settlement when informal avenues have failed.
When defects lead to repeated towing, rental car expenses, or create ongoing safety hazards, pursuing full legal remedies becomes more compelling. California’s lemon law can allow recovery of incidental costs and certain fees tied to the defective vehicle, and formal claims often put stronger pressure on manufacturers to provide a meaningful remedy. For Los Angeles drivers facing persistent problems that affect their finances or safety, initiating a formal claim helps capture the full scope of damages and seeks an outcome that reflects the true burden imposed by a defective new vehicle.
A comprehensive approach to a lemon law claim helps ensure that all available remedies and damages are explored, including vehicle repurchase, replacement, reimbursement of repairs, and recovery of incidental costs such as towing and rental vehicles. It also creates procedural momentum by presenting a documented, well-supported claim to the manufacturer or an arbitrator. For Los Angeles clients, engaging in a full legal strategy can reduce delays, consolidate communications, and increase the likelihood of a fair settlement that reflects the practical impact the defect has had on daily life, safety, and finances.
Comprehensive representation also helps preserve claims by meeting statutory deadlines, ensuring proper notice to the manufacturer, and gathering relevant evidence such as warranty records and repair invoices. This holistic view can clarify the timeline of defects, quantify losses, and present a persuasive claim for repurchase or compensation. For many Los Angeles residents, the primary benefit is achieving a clear resolution that restores confidence in transportation, avoids ongoing repair costs, and resolves the uncertainty that accompanies a defective new vehicle.
Comprehensive representation emphasizes thorough documentation, including repair orders, dealer communications, warranty terms, and evidence of recurring defects. This careful preparation makes it easier to demonstrate that defects substantially impaired vehicle use or safety and that the manufacturer had a reasonable opportunity to repair the issue. For Los Angeles claimants, a well-prepared file speeds communication with the manufacturer, supports arbitration or court filing, and helps secure remedies that reflect the true impact of the defect on your life and finances.
A comprehensive approach aims to maximize available remedies under California law, seeking repurchase, replacement, or fair compensation for diminished value and incidental expenses. It also addresses legal nuances that can affect recovery amounts, such as mileage offsets, ancillary damages, and procedural rights. For Los Angeles vehicle owners, this approach increases the likelihood of a resolution that compensates for the full extent of the problem, rather than settling for a quick fix that leaves lingering costs or unresolved safety concerns.
Keeping a detailed record of each repair visit is essential to a successful lemon law claim. Note dates, odometer readings, the symptoms you reported, the dealer’s response, and any parts changed. Retain invoices, work orders, and any written communications from the dealer or manufacturer. Photographs of the defect, emails, and notes from phone conversations can also be helpful. For Los Angeles drivers, local repair shop schedules and traffic can affect repair timing, so clear records help establish whether the manufacturer had a reasonable opportunity to fix the defect under California law.
Timeliness matters in lemon law claims because warranty periods and statutory deadlines can limit available remedies. If defects appear early in ownership, begin documenting repairs and contacting the manufacturer promptly. Early action helps preserve evidence and can prevent extended use of a defective vehicle while repairs fail to resolve the issue. In Los Angeles, where vehicle usage and commute demands are high, resolving defect issues quickly reduces safety risks and financial burdens. Prompt steps also make it easier to pursue arbitration or litigation if informal resolution is not forthcoming.
Legal assistance is worth considering when defects are persistent, pose safety risks, or create ongoing repair expenses that the manufacturer has not resolved adequately. A lawyer can review your repair history, interpret warranty terms, and advise whether the defect rises to the level of a lemon law claim under California statutes. For vehicle owners in Los Angeles, access to prompt legal guidance helps you understand local procedural nuances and the likely remedies available, including repurchase, replacement, and possible recovery of ancillary costs tied to the defective vehicle.
Legal representation also helps when manufacturers deny liability or offer minimal settlements that do not address the full impact of a defective vehicle. An attorney can present a comprehensive case to an arbitrator or court, ensure that procedural requirements are satisfied, and negotiate on your behalf for a fair outcome. For many Los Angeles clients, legal engagement removes the burden of communicating with manufacturers and dealers, clarifies options, and increases the likelihood of a resolution that fairly compensates for lost value, inconvenience, and safety concerns tied to a defective new vehicle.
Common triggers for lemon law action include repeated engine or transmission failures, persistent electrical or braking problems, recurring coolant or fuel system defects, and any condition that regularly incapacitates the vehicle or undermines safety. Repeated trips to the dealer without durable repair, prolonged periods of downtime for repairs, and mounting out-of-pocket costs such as towing or rental cars often push owners to consider a formal claim. Los Angeles drivers who rely on their vehicles for commuting and family responsibilities frequently seek remedy when defects disrupt daily life and present ongoing safety concerns.
When the same defect returns after multiple repair attempts, it suggests the problem is not being resolved and may qualify the vehicle as a lemon. Documenting each repair visit, the dealer’s diagnosis, and the outcome is essential to show that the manufacturer had opportunities to correct the issue but failed to do so. For Los Angeles owners, repetitive repairs can also mean extended time without reliable transportation and escalating incidental expenses, which supports seeking a formal remedy under California’s lemon law provisions.
Defects that affect critical safety systems such as brakes, steering, airbags, or engine reliability warrant immediate attention and may justify a lemon law claim if not corrected. Safety-related failures that recur despite repair attempts not only threaten occupants but also increase the urgency for legal remedies that may produce repurchase or replacement. Los Angeles drivers facing safety defects should prioritize documenting incidents, seeking repairs from authorized facilities, and consulting about lemon law remedies to ensure long-term safety and legal protection under California law.
If your vehicle spends an unreasonable amount of time in the shop for warranty-covered repairs, that downtime contributes to a lemon law claim. California authorities consider time out of service and the frequency of repair visits when evaluating whether the manufacturer had adequate repair opportunities. For Los Angeles residents who depend on daily travel, excessive downtime imposes financial and practical burdens, and documenting the total time the vehicle was unavailable strengthens a claim for repurchase, replacement, or compensation for related losses.
If you suspect your new vehicle is defective, reach out for a review of your repair history and warranty coverage. Law Republic APC provides representation for clients across California, including Los Angeles, to help evaluate whether your situation meets the standards for a lemon law remedy. We explain your options, the likely timelines, and the evidence that matters, and we can communicate with the manufacturer or dealer on your behalf. Call 818-532-5323 to discuss your case and learn what steps to take to protect your rights and seek a fair outcome.
Clients turn to Law Republic APC because we focus on clear communication and practical legal solutions tailored to their situation. We prepare claims based on detailed repair histories and relevant warranty provisions, and we pursue the remedies available under California law. For Los Angeles residents, our approach emphasizes minimizing disruption while seeking a meaningful resolution, whether through negotiation, arbitration, or court action. We keep clients informed at each step so they understand options and potential outcomes.
Our firm handles the procedural requirements that can be complicated for nonlawyers, such as meeting notice deadlines, assembling repair documentation, and preparing submissions for arbitration or litigation. By managing these details, we help clients present a complete claim that accurately reflects the defect’s impact on use and safety. This organized process often leads to more productive settlement discussions with manufacturers and improves the prospects of securing repurchase, replacement, or full compensation for losses and incidental expenses.
We also provide practical guidance about choosing between negotiation, manufacturer arbitration, or court proceedings based on the facts of the case. For Los Angeles clients, local considerations, repair facility records, and commuting impacts are considered to craft an appropriate strategy. If you decide to pursue a formal claim, we compile and present the evidence needed to support remedies under California’s lemon law and work to achieve a resolution that addresses the full scope of inconvenience, cost, and diminished value caused by a defective new vehicle.
Our process begins with a thorough intake and review of repair records and warranty documents to determine whether the vehicle meets lemon law standards. We then advise on immediate steps to preserve rights, such as continued documentation of repairs and written communications with the dealer. If a claim is warranted, we pursue negotiation or arbitration and prepare court filings when necessary. Throughout the process we prioritize clear communication and efficient case management so Los Angeles clients understand their options and the likely progression toward a fair remedy.
We start by evaluating the vehicle’s repair history and warranty terms to assess whether the claim meets California’s requirements. This includes reviewing repair invoices, service records, and any correspondence with the dealer or manufacturer. We identify defects that substantially impair use or safety and document their recurrence. For Los Angeles clients, we also consider local repair timelines and any incidental costs incurred due to the defect. The goal is to build a complete, organized file that supports negotiation, arbitration, or litigation if needed.
Collecting and organizing all repair orders, service invoices, warranty documents, and communications is a priority. We advise clients on which documents to gather and how to present them. Photographs, notes about symptoms, and records of time out of service are included. For Los Angeles claimants, repair shop schedules and estimates for rental or towing services are relevant items that help quantify the impact of the defect. Well-documented evidence makes it easier to demonstrate that the manufacturer had an adequate opportunity to fix the problem.
Before escalating a claim, we may attempt formal written communications with the manufacturer or dealer to request a durable repair, repurchase, or other remedy. These communications create a record that the manufacturer was notified and had a chance to resolve the issue. For Los Angeles consumers, documenting these interactions can strengthen a later arbitration or litigation position if negotiations stall. We help craft clear, legally informed letters that explain the problem, reference repair history, and state desired remedies under California law.
If informal resolution is not successful, the next phase often involves manufacturer arbitration or formal negotiation supported by the assembled evidence. Some manufacturers offer arbitration programs that can expedite resolution, while others may negotiate directly when presented with a well-documented claim. We assess the best route depending on the manufacturer’s policies and the case facts. For Los Angeles clients, arbitration can provide a faster outcome, while litigation remains an option when arbitration is unavailable or unsatisfactory.
When arbitration is appropriate, we prepare a complete submission that includes repair records, witness statements if needed, and a clear statement of requested remedies. The goal is to present evidence showing repeated repair attempts and substantial impairment. For Los Angeles owners, we include documentation of local repair history and any out-of-pocket expenses. Proper presentation increases the likelihood of a favorable arbitration decision or settlement during the arbitration process.
Throughout arbitration or direct negotiations, we seek a settlement that addresses the full scope of loss, including vehicle repurchase or replacement and incidental expenses. We evaluate manufacturer offers against likely outcomes in arbitration or court and advise clients about acceptability. For Los Angeles claimants, settlements that reduce future inconvenience and financial loss are prioritized. We aim for resolutions that restore fair value and resolve ongoing safety or reliability issues caused by the defective vehicle.
If arbitration or negotiation does not yield a fair outcome, filing a lawsuit in California court is the next step. Litigation allows for comprehensive remedies under state law and can address complex disputes over repair history, warranty interpretation, and damages. We prepare pleadings, present evidence at hearings, and advocate for remedies such as repurchase, replacement, and recovery of incidental costs. For Los Angeles clients, we are familiar with local courts and procedures and aim to pursue litigation efficiently when necessary to protect client rights.
Filing suit initiates formal discovery, which can uncover internal manufacturer records, repair bulletins, and communications that are relevant to proving a defect and the manufacturer’s knowledge. We use discovery to build a detailed factual record and address disputed elements like reasonable repair opportunities and substantial impairment. For Los Angeles cases, discovery can also reveal patterns of defects affecting regional models or production runs, strengthening claims for broader remedies when appropriate.
If a case proceeds to trial, we prepare witnesses, expert reports where needed, and a persuasive presentation of repair records and damages. Trials are less common because many disputes settle before reaching that stage, but litigation readiness can motivate more reasonable manufacturer offers. For Los Angeles clients, trial preparation focuses on demonstrating the defect’s history, the practical impact on vehicle use and safety, and appropriate restitution under California law, with the goal of securing an outcome that fairly compensates the owner for the defective vehicle.
Under California law, a new vehicle may qualify as a lemon when it has defects covered by the manufacturer’s warranty that substantially impair its use, value, or safety and the manufacturer cannot fix the problem after a reasonable number of repair attempts. The determination focuses on the defect’s effect on the vehicle rather than purely on the number of repairs, and evidence such as repair records, warranty coverage, and documentation of symptoms is central to the evaluation. Owners should gather repair invoices, service orders, warranty documents, and any communication with the dealership or manufacturer. These records show whether the manufacturer had a fair opportunity to repair the defect and help establish the practical impact on use or safety. Presenting a clear, organized record supports any claim for repurchase, replacement, or compensation under California law.
There is no single numeric threshold that applies in every lemon law case because California courts and arbitration panels assess whether the manufacturer had a reasonable opportunity to repair the defect based on the facts. In many cases, a pattern of repeated repair attempts for the same defect, or a significant safety-related issue that was not corrected, will meet the standard for reasonable repair attempts. Because the standard depends on severity and repair history, it is important to document each visit, including dates, mileage, symptoms, and repair results. A well-documented timeline of repair attempts strengthens the position that the manufacturer failed to fix the defect despite reasonable opportunities, which supports pursuing a lemon law remedy.
California lemon law remedies commonly include manufacturer repurchase of the vehicle, replacement with a comparable vehicle, or a cash settlement that reflects the diminished value and incidental costs associated with the defect. Incidental expenses such as towing, rental car costs, and repair bills for warranty-covered defects can also be part of a full remedy depending on the case facts and negotiations. The precise remedy is influenced by repair history, the effect of the defect on use or safety, and manufacturer policies. Effective documentation and formal claims increase the likelihood of obtaining a remedy that addresses the broader financial and practical impact of a defective new vehicle for Los Angeles owners.
Some manufacturers require consumers to participate in an arbitration program as an initial step, while others allow consumers to choose between arbitration and court. Arbitration can be faster and less formal, but consumers should review the manufacturer’s dispute-resolution terms to understand whether arbitration is mandatory and what rights are preserved. When arbitration is optional, consumers may elect court litigation if arbitration is unlikely to produce a satisfactory outcome. If arbitration is required and produces an unsatisfactory result, there may be limited avenues to challenge the outcome depending on the program’s rules and state law. Consulting about the specifics of the manufacturer’s program helps Los Angeles owners choose the most appropriate path for their situation.
Time limits for bringing a lemon law claim depend on warranty periods and California statutes of limitation. Typically, claims are evaluated during the manufacturer’s warranty coverage and within statutory deadlines for filing suit. Because timelines vary by case, it is important to act promptly once recurring defects emerge so that warranty rights and legal remedies are preserved. Delays in pursuing a claim can complicate evidence collection and may reduce the range of available remedies. Los Angeles vehicle owners should document repairs immediately and consult about potential claims as soon as they suspect persistent defects to avoid inadvertently losing legal protections under California law.
California law often allows for recovery of attorney fees and costs in successful lemon law cases, which can reduce the financial burden on consumers pursuing valid claims. The potential to recover fees depends on statutory provisions and the specifics of the case, and fee recovery can be an important factor when considering whether to pursue arbitration or litigation. Even when fee recovery is possible, the merits of the case and the expected remedy should guide decision-making. Discussing likely recovery scenarios and fee arrangements with counsel helps Los Angeles clients understand cost exposure and plan a strategy that balances potential benefits and expenses.
Collect repair orders, service invoices, warranty documents, purchase or lease contracts, and any written communications with the dealer or manufacturer. Include dates, mileage at the time of each repair, descriptions of symptoms, and the results of each repair visit. Photographs of the defect and any correspondence or emails can also be important evidence to support your claim. Organizing these materials chronologically helps counsel assess whether the defect meets lemon law standards and strengthens negotiation, arbitration, or litigation positions. For Los Angeles residents, documenting out-of-pocket costs such as towing and rental cars is also important to demonstrate the broader impact of the defective vehicle.
Yes. Leased vehicles are often covered by California lemon law when the defect substantially impairs the vehicle’s use, value, or safety and is covered by the manufacturer’s warranty. Remedies for leased vehicles can include repurchase, termination of the lease with compensation, or replacement arrangements depending on the circumstances and the lease terms. If you lease in Los Angeles, preserve repair records, lease documents, and communications with the lessor and manufacturer. These records help determine whether and how lemon law remedies apply and support negotiation or formal claims to secure an appropriate outcome under state law.
If a dealer claims the defect is your fault, document the repair history and any diagnostic results that show recurring covered issues. Warranty-covered defects typically involve manufacturing or design issues rather than owner misuse. Repair invoices and technician notes that reference recurring problems or covered repairs can rebut claims of user-caused damage. If disputes persist, formal proceedings such as arbitration or litigation can compel disclosure of manufacturer records and independent assessments. For Los Angeles claimants, presenting a well-documented record of repairs and communications often clarifies the nature of the defect and refutes assertions that the problem was caused by improper use.
Resolution timelines vary based on whether the claim is resolved informally, through arbitration, or by litigation. Direct negotiation with a manufacturer or dealer can produce a resolution in a matter of weeks or months when the manufacturer is cooperative. Arbitration may provide a faster outcome than litigation, often concluding within several months depending on scheduling and evidentiary needs. If a case proceeds to court, resolution can take longer due to filing timelines, discovery, and potential trial schedules. For Los Angeles clients, choosing the right forum and preparing a complete record can shorten the path to resolution and increase the odds of a favorable outcome that addresses the full impact of the vehicle’s defects.
